tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2968224509723675052023-11-16T02:35:48.152-08:00More Harmless DrudgeryPosts giving information about books I'm working on. Necessarily, posts will be much more sporadic than in the <i>Harmless Drudgery</i>.@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.comBlogger45125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-29021591866582025202021-07-30T07:07:00.002-07:002021-07-30T07:13:54.738-07:00The last of the UR notes<p> </p><div>
<div id="sigil_toc_id_54" style="text-align: left;"> <div>
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_53">/ʃʊə/ and /ʊə/ Notes</h3>
<ol><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n01"><b>insure</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ʃɔ;/.</li><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n02"><b>reassure</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ʃɔ;/, matching the transcription and audio for "assure".</li><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n03"><b>sure</b> and <b>surely</b><br />
See also under /ɔ:/. Both pronunciations are common, and <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has audio samples of both.</li><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n04"><b>sure-fire</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a>
provides only an audio sample of this (not / ɔ:/ , but there is no
transcription (although there is a transcription for "sure-footed",
giving only the /ɔ:/ pronunciation). Either is common and acceptable.</li><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n05"><b>chiaroscuro</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample has no trace of /ə/ after the /ʊ/.</li><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n06"><b>Lurex</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a>
has two transcriptions marked as "British", one with a glide (/jʊə/).
But the two transcriptions both link to the same audio (which has no
glide).</li><li id="UR-honeypot-c-n07"><b>Urdu</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> also has the pronunciation /ɜ:/.</li></ol>
</div></div><h3 id="sigil_toc_id_54">ʤʊə/ and /ʧʊə/ Notes</h3>
<ol><li id="UR-honeypot-d-n01"><b>injurious</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives of words
ending "-ure" because the /ʤə/ of "injure" becomes so radically
different when stressed.</li><li id="UR-honeypot-d-n02"><b>futurity</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> transcription has the transcription /tj/ - but the audio sample is a clear /ʧ/. Both pronunciations are acceptable.</li><li id="UR-honeypot-d-n03"><b>maturity</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, although "immaturity" is transcribed /tjʊə/. As usual, both pronunciations are acceptable.<br /></li></ol>
</div>
<div>
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_55">/ʤʊ/ and /ʧʊ/ Notes</h3>
<ol><li id="UR-honeypot-e-n01"><b>/djʊ/</b><br />
This cluster of phonemes can often, colloquially, be realized as /ʤʊ/, but <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a>‘s audio samples for "obdurate" and its derivatives uses this sound (appropriately, as it is an esssentially formal word).</li></ol>
<div>
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div>
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_56">/ʌ/ Notes</h3>
<ol><li id="UR-tophat-n01"><b>alternating current</b><br />
Usually abbreviated to AC.</li><li id="UR-tophat-n02"><b>burra</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ʊ/ (reflecting the Indian application of the word).</li><li id="UR-tophat-n03"><b>direct current</b><br />
Usually abbreviated to DC.</li></ol>
</div>
<div>
<h4 id="sigil_toc_id_57">/ᴐ:/ Notes</h4>
<ol><li id="UR-oLong-n01"><b>assurance</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ʊ/ (regarded by some as preferable, though /ɔ:/ is not uncommon).</li><li id="UR-oLong-n02"><b>assured</b><br />
In this case, the <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> audio sample matches the transcription, although - as in for assurance" - /ʊ/ is acceptable (often followed by /ə/)</li><li id="UR-oLong-n03"><b>assuredly</b><br />
Students of ESOL should note that this word has four
syllables (whereas "assured" has only two), and even in non-rhotic
speech the /r/ is sounded. As in that case, /ʊ/ may sometimes be used
(and is preferred by some speakers).</li><li id="UR-oLong-n04"><b>Qur'an</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a>
has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ə/. Speakers who use
this pronunciation tend to use the "Koran" spelling. (Whereas people
who use the "Qur‘an" spelling often use the vowel /ʊ/ or something more
authentic).</li><li id="UR-oLong-n05"><b>sure</b> and <b>surely</b><br />
See also under /ʊə/. Both pronunciations are common.</li><li id="UR-oLong-n06"><b>sure-footed</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a>
gives only this pronunciation, whereas for "sure-fire" (although with
no transcription) it gives an audio sample of the /ʊə/ pronunciation.
Either is common and acceptable.</li></ol>
</div>
<div>
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_58">/u/ Notes</h3>
<ol><li id="UR-uFamily-n01"><b>urea</b><br />
The <a class="sgc-63" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a><span class="sgc-64"> has this transcription </span>but other similar words (such as "urethra") use /jʊ/.</li><li id="UR-uFamily-n02"><b>urinal</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription but other similar words (such as "urinate") use /jʊə/.</li><li id="UR-uFamily-n03"><b>urology</b><br />
<span class="sgc-65"><span class="sgc-64">The </span><a class="sgc-63" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription but other similar words (such as "urogenital") use /jʊə/.</span></li></ol>
</div>@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-86648011435118380082021-07-08T08:50:00.004-07:002021-07-08T08:50:52.214-07:00More *UR* Notes<div style="text-align: left;">Continuing with disembodied (or, rather, disen<i>texted</i>) notes to words that use a *UR* spelling to represent the /ə/ (and related) sounds, and the first of the /ʊ/ (and related) sounds. (There is a crossover case where the letters *UR* can represent /ʊə/.)</div><div><h3 id="UR-schwa-a-notes">/ə/ Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li id="UR_schwa-a-n01"><b>azure</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription (with an assimilated /ʒ/), but the audio sample has no assimilation (the /z/ is unchanged) and the vowel is /jʊə/. Both pronunciations are common and acceptable.</li>
<li id="UR_schwa-a-n02"><b>Jurassic</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample has a hint of /ʊ/.</li>
<li id="UR_schwa-a-n03"><b>murmur</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also under /ɜ:/.</li>
<li id="UR_schwa-a-n04"><b>purport</b><br />
This is the verb (meaning "convey a meaning or "gist", or "make a show of doing that"). For the noun see /ɜ:/.</li>
<li id="UR_schwa-a-n05"><b>survey</b><br />
This is the verb, with primary stress on the second syllable. For the noun, see the /ɜ:/ section.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<h3 id="UR-schwa-b-notes">/ʧə/ Note</h3>
<h3 id="UR-schwa-c-notes"></h3>
<ol class="sgc-61">
<li id="UR-schwa-b-n01"><b>aperture</b>, <b>musculature</b>, <b>premature </b> and many others<br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /tjʊə/. Although the pronunciation /tʃə/ is both common and acceptable in the first two cases, it is less common in the case of “premature” (only – and not necessarily, even in that case – when the adjective precedes the noun it qualifies).</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="UR-schwa-c-notes"> /jə/, /ʃə/ , and /ʒə/ Notes</h3>
<div>
<ol>
<li id="UR-schwa-c-n01"><b>penury</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is approaches /jʊ/</li>
<li id="UR-schwa-c-n02"><b>luxury</b><br />
Sometimes pronounced with a /gʒ/. See under /ʒə/.</li>
<li id="UR-schwa-c-n03"><b>azure</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /zjʊə/, a common pronunciation.</li>
<li id="UR-schwa-c-n04"><b>luxury</b><br />
Sometimes voiceless. See under /ʃə/.</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<h3 class="sgc-62" id="sigil_toc_id_51">/jʊə/ Notes</h3>
<div>
<ol>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n01"><b>alluring</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> gives two transcriptions and labels them "British", one without the /j/, but the audio sample is of the full /jʊə/ pronunciation. The form without /j/ matches what the <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> calls "American".</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n02"><b>bureaucracy</b>, <b>bureau de change</b>, <b>bureaucracy</b>, <b>bureaucrat</b>, <b>bureaucratic</b>, <b>burette</b>, and <b>centurion</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample has no /ə/ - a common pronunciation.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n03"><b>couture</b><br />
The printed <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the online <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> lists this word as American, and gives it plain /ʊ/.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n04"><b>curate</b><br />
This is the noun., with stress on the first syllable. For the verb, see the /jʊ/ section.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n05"><b>futurity</b><br />
Alone among the derivatives of "future" (excluded as explained in the Introduction) this is included as it does not have /ə/ for the *UR*.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n06"><b>luxuriant</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is shows how the /gzjʊə/ can be shortened to /gʒʊ/. The voicing of the /g/ is uncertain, so that it is close to being /kʃʊ/, a common optional pronunciation.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n07"><b>penurious</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /jʊ/.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-a-n08"><b>urogenital</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is has a hint of /jɔ:/.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_52">/jʊ/ and /ʊ/ Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li id="UR-honeypot-b-n01"><b>curate</b><br />
This is the verb. For the noun, see the /jʊə/ section.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-b-n02"><b>hurray</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ə/. Both are common and acceptable, as are a wide variety of spellings.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-b-n03"><b>samurai</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> also has the pronunciation /ʊ/.</li>
<li id="UR-honeypot-b-n04"><b>samurai</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> also has the pronunciation /jʊ/.</li></ol><p>More later this month.</p><p> </p><p>b <br /></p><p> <br /></p><ol>
</ol>
</div><br /></div>@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-17934815441178218572021-06-18T03:18:00.057-07:002021-06-18T04:20:11.074-07:00UR notes for /ɜ:/ (Dicebamus hesterno die...)<p> These words trigger in me a memory I described a few years ago, <a href="https://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2015/11/golden-ages-and-pavements.html">here</a></p><blockquote class="tr_bq">[<<i>something</i>>] reminded me of a story I heard in a half-remembered lecture, about<i> Juan del Encina</i>.<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><autobiographical_note date_range="1971-1972"><br />In May 1972 I was ... not <i>quite</i> a world authority on sixteenth-century Spanish literature, but Professor E. M. Wilson, my lecturer for that year, was. </blockquote></blockquote><blockquote class="tr_bq"><blockquote class="tr_bq"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM1tmY8y65xZu0sbymsw0V72wOD_a4DUX6AQIETnviDrx5PSBIjlpHvxOfqYQ_12f4LhjBpjsXw0wrAAVF67BVk3xOuw5rnd2bZweNISaV5OSCkOBIXuBBIfjD-ETmGx467spLd6D3t6Y/s1600/JuanDelEncina.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="168" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM1tmY8y65xZu0sbymsw0V72wOD_a4DUX6AQIETnviDrx5PSBIjlpHvxOfqYQ_12f4LhjBpjsXw0wrAAVF67BVk3xOuw5rnd2bZweNISaV5OSCkOBIXuBBIfjD-ETmGx467spLd6D3t6Y/s200/JuanDelEncina.jpg" width="190" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Juan del Encina</td></tr></tbody></table><i>Juan del Encina</i>, author of some of the seminal works in Spanish Golden Age literature, was arrested by the <i>Holy Inquisition</i> in the middle of a lecture. He was away for some considerable time (<i>years</i>, I think, but I was never much of a note-taker; I'm sure the details are somewhere on the Internet, if you‘re that way inclined). </blockquote></blockquote><blockquote class="tr_bq"><blockquote class="tr_bq">When he returned, his opening words were <i>Dicebamus hesterno die</i> [="{As} we were saying the other day"]</blockquote></blockquote><p> ...</p><blockquote class="tr_bq"><blockquote class="tr_bq"></autobiographical_note></blockquote></blockquote><p>And <i>Juan del Encina</i>'s words seem quite appropriate in this context. My last addition to <i>this</i> blog (not the main <i>Harmless Drudgery</i> blog, which is still fairly current, though less than <i>vigorous</i>) was more than 3 years ago.<br /><br />But I have now moved my books from their erstwhile home at Amazon to my Google Drive, where you can find these:</p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li aria-level="1" style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Cu0mz6CGGzIy90fGp6X5U2nTZ4GEFpkN/view?usp=sharing">When Vowels Get Together (with other vowels)</a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">– this is complete. See this <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ApjjRorORRbQ8jIaqQDnimf5suRDet_T/view?usp=sharing">review</a> from <i>Voices</i>.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>When Vowels Get Together (with sonorants)
</b></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">There are two variants </span></p></li></ul><p style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">o</span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RUVYSpkDatZoNYT2W625DruRQK8OOW4y/view?usp=sharing"> When Vowels Get Together (with sonorants)</a><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RUVYSpkDatZoNYT2W625DruRQK8OOW4y/view?usp=sharing"> </a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">– the last Amazon release, which some </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> people will already have downloaded: V1.3</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">o<a href="goog_64320260"> </a></span><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XmJsEgW5QxaBkCWV2yfcQWCjgIE-VqmB/view?usp=sharing"> When Vowels Get Together (with sonorants)<span style="-webkit-text-decoration-skip: none; background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> </span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">– the very latest: V1.4</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li aria-level="1" style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e2gMSQSNYQS_eYA9TwKC9uz1ksWs3cjX/view?usp=sharing">Diphthongs & Digraphs</a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; white-space: pre;"> – an aborted experiment, being the same book as the first on this </span></span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">list, but with the beginnings of an index to show different realizations of sounds (for example, /</span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">e/ => h</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ae</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">mmorhage, ag</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ai</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">n, l</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ea</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ther, Gr</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ee</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">nwich, l</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">ei</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">sure, l</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">eo</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pard, f</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">oe</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">tid.... </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">etc</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">) . </span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Quite</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> interesting, but not interesting enough for me to do the work (which was considerable, </span><br /><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">necessarily manual, and repetitive). It's included here for historical intere</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">st.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> <br /></span></p></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li aria-level="1" style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline;"><p role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19WotgVY0xIFeKew0I9JwDm-wl_VoVDJc/view?usp=sharing">Words & Music</a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; white-space: pre;">, V0.5 – this has stalled</span></span></p></li></ul><p><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In some respects they're not quite as readable (and you may need to instal an eBook reader to <br />download them to), but you avoid the trammels of the capitalist system (except for the increasingly <br />ubiquitous Google).</span> <br /></p><p>But resuming, rather belatedly, the practice of putting the Notes out there (bereft of their context though still informative) here is the first tranche of *UR* covering the words that use the /ɜ:/ sound:
</p><div>
<ol>
<li id="UR_3long_n01"><b>purpose</b><br />
This is the sole representative of several "<<i>range</i>> + -purpose" compounds</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n02"><b>beefburger</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many other "<<i>food</i>>+‘burger‘" compounds.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n03"><b>burqa</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> glosses this as "another spelling of ‘burka‘", and the audio sample reflects this. But often people who use the spelling with "q" try to uise a more linguistically sensitive pronunciation with /ur/.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n04"><b>churlish</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> does not include the noun "churl", but <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/">Collins</a> does (though the noun is rarely used in current English).</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n05"><b>conurbation</b>, <b>curmudgeon</b>, and <b>curmudgeonly</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /ə/. Both are common and acceptable.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n06"><b>furbished</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> does not include the bare infinitive "furbish", but some dictionaries (for example <a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/">Collins</a>) do.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n07"><b>gurdwara</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /<span class="sgc-60">ʊ</span>/. Like all such foreign borrowings, the pronunciation is very variable.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n08"><b>hamburger</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of "<>+burger"as the meat in a hamburger is not ham; the word simply derives from the placename "Hamburg".</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n09"><b>kurta</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> has this transcription, but the audio sample is /<span class="sgc-60">ʊ</span>/. As with other foreign borrowings, many alternatives can be heard..</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n10"><b>murmur</b> and <b>nurture</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. For "murmur" see also under /ə/. That section does not list "nurture", for reasons given in the <a href="../Text/WVGTbk2-intro.xhtml">Introduction</a>.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n11"><b>nocturne</b><br />
I have never heard a native speaker of English make any attempt at replicating the French /y/ (when speaking English); the sound is /ɜ:/. For example, "Chopin wrote many beautiful /‘nɒktɜ:nz/".</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n12"><b>perturb</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> does not include the bare infinitive, but many do. The link is to <a href="http://www.onelook.com">Onelook</a> (which finds 30).</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n13"><b>purport</b><br />
This is the noun (meaning "meaning" or "gist"). For the verb see /ə/.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n14"><b>surplice</b><br />
The <a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> transcription (of the 2nd syllable) is /plɪs/ but the audio sample has /ə/ – so that the word rhymes with "surplus". This strikes me as odd, but the word itself is not in common use, so the oddity is not serious.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n15"><b>survey</b><br />
This is the noun, with primary stress on the first syllable. For the verb, see the /<span class="sgc-60">ə</span>/ section.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n16"><b>turnabout</b><br />
This is the sole representative of several " 'turn' + <<i>preposition</i>>" compounds.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n17"><b>turncoat</b> and <b>turnkey</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because it is (now) largely metaphorical.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n18"><b>turn-off</b><br />
This is the sole representative of several " 'turn' + '-' + <<i>preposition</i>>" compounds.</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n19"><b>turnstile</b><br />
This is the sole representative of compounds formed with "turn-".</li>
<li id="UR_3long_n20"><b>Urdu</b><br />
<a href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan English Dictionary</a> also has the pronunciation /<span class="sgc-60">ʊə</span>/.</li>
</ol><div>That's all for now. The spelling "ur" often represents the sound /ɜ:/ , and predominantly in a stressed syllable. The stress, and concomitant vowel sound, often distinguishes an /ɜ:/ word (such as the noun <i><b>pur</b>port</i>) from an /<span class="sgc-60">ə</span>/ word (such as the verb <i>pur<b>port</b></i>). Other notes to follow in due course.</div><div><br /></div><div>b.</div>
</div>@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-72640440768415469162018-11-30T02:43:00.000-08:002018-11-30T02:43:40.366-08:00OR notes - balance<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /ə/</h3>
<ol>
<li><!--item 1 --><b>chorizo</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample, /ɒr/ (which is both common and acceptable).</li>
<li><!--item 2 --><b>collaborator</b><br />
This is not excluded together with other words ending "-or" because of the /ə/ in the third syllable.</li>
<li><!--item 3 --><b>corpora</b>, <b>corporate</b>, <b>corporation</b>, and <b>corporatism</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See/ also under /ᴐ:/.</li>
<li><!--item 4 --><b>correlative</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this
vowel sound, but a common alternative is /əʊ/ (followed by /r/).</li>
<li><!--item 5 --><b>corroborate</b>, <b>corroboration</b>, and <b>corroborative</b><br />
This sound occurs in both "or" syllables. </li>
<li><!--item 6 --><b>elaborate</b><br />
The -or- syllable represents /ə/ in both the adjective (last syllable /ət/)
and the verb (last syllable /eɪt/).</li>
<li><!--item 7--><b>extempore</b><br />
See <i>con amore</i> note (exceptional "-ore" words [link to /ᴐ:/ section]).</li>
<li><!--item 8 --><b>for</b><br />
When unstressed. See also under /ᴐ:/.</li>
<li><!--item 9 --><b>forbad[e]</b><br />
For both spellings of this irregular past, the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>
gives the transcription /æ/ but gives the (same) audio sample with /eɪ/ in the second syllable.
This seems to be a mistake - though it is a common one.
</li>
<li><!--item 10 --><b>forlorn</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this
vowel (with /ə/ in the first syllable) but many speakers use /ᴐ:/ in both syllables.
</li>
<li><!--item 11 --><b>forsake</b>, <b>forsaken</b>, and <b>forsook</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample uses
/ᴐ:/ (a common and perfectly acceptable variant).</li>
<li><!--item 12 --><b>importune</b><br />
Note that in the derivative "importunate" (not listed by the
<i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> ) the -or- represents the sound /ᴐ:/.
</li>
<li><!--item 13 --><b>incorporate</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable. See also under /ᴐ:/.</li>
<li><!--item 14 --><b>Monsignor</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this vowel sound,
but a version with /ᴐ:/ is common (especially in a Spanish context -
"Monsignor Quixote", for example).</li>
<li><!--item 15 --><b>neighbor</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of words ending "-or" as the agent-making suffix does
not work in the usual way. Whereas an actor acts and a director directs, a neighbor does not *neighb.</li>
<li><!--item 16 --><b>oration</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this vowel sound,
but /ɒ/ is common.</li>
<li><!--item 17 --><b>sorority</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also /ᴐ:/.
</li>
<li><!--item 18 --><b>uncorroborated</b><br />
Both instances of -or- represent this sound, although /ə/
is acceptable in the second syllable. </li>
</ol>
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /ɜ:/</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>worsted</b><br />
This is the past simple and past participle of the verb "to worst". The
<i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not list the verb "worst" ; nor does the
<i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. The <i>Cambridge Advanced Learners' Dictionary</i>
lists it, but calls it "old-fashioned". The past simple of this verb is more
common, I would guess, than the present, as "worsted in an argument" is a
(relatively) common collocation.</li>
</ol>
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /ɒ/</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>arboriculture</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this sound in the audio sample, but the transcription has /ə/ (presumably
a mistake - I have never heard it in any other context).</li>
<li><b>chorale</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample uses /ə/ (which is both common and acceptable).</li>
<li><b>forehead</b><br />
This is also sometimes pronounced with /ᴐ:/</li>
<li><b>forex</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample uses /ᴐ:/.</li>
<li><b>horrendous</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample uses /ə/.</li>
<li><b>hydrochloric acid</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this vowel sound,
but some speakers use /ᴐ:/ (reflecting its relation to "chlorine").</li>
<li><b>phantasmagoria</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this vowel sound,
but some speakers use /ᴐ:/ which the <i>Cambridge Advanced Learners' Dictionary</i> identifies as the American English
pronunciation - although it is common also in British English.</li>
</ol>
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /ʌ/</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>thoroughbred</b><br />
This is the sole representative of several other words that
use "thorough-" as a prefix.</li>
</ol>
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing no sound</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>factory</b><br />
This is included here because it is questionable whether it can be regarded as a derivative of "factor".
And in that it is (if only historically) so derived, the sense of "factor" in question is largely a businessman
(<i>sic</i> - certainly, in the 16th century [when the word was coined], a <b>man</b>) of the past.
<br /><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample have this vowel sound,
but a pronunciation with /ə/ is not uncommon.</li>
<li><b>mayor, mayoral, mayoralty, mayoress</b><br />
It is arguable whether this -or- represents <i>no</i> sound. Rather,
the "-ayor" spelling in these words represents the sound /eə/.</li>
</ol>
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /ʊ/</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>Worcester, Worcestershire</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not list this word, although it <i>does</i> list
the tradename <i>Worcester Sauce</i>. The link is to the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>.</li>
<li><b>worsted</b><br />
This is the noun (a sort of cloth). For the verb see under /ɜ:/.<br />
</li>
</ol>
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /əʊ/</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>forecastle</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of "fore-" compounds because of its non-standard pronunciation.
Reflecting this pronunciation (/'fǝʊksǝl/), the spelling "fo‘c‘sle" is often used.
</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-80040800148287196532018-11-22T09:03:00.000-08:002018-11-23T02:09:25.252-08:00OR notes - downpaymentHere are the notes for the letters "or" in words where they represent the sound /ɔ:/. This is the most common sound represented (in stressed syllables). In unstressed syllables, where they represent the sound /ə/, there are many words that I haven't listed, using exclusions such as these:<br />
<ul>
<li>words ending -or with the sense of an agent (<i>eg</i> actor or director, but not pallor) </li>
<li>polysyllabic words ending -ory; in words with two syllables (like dory, gory , story, or abhor) the -or- does not represent /ə/.</li>
<li>... </li>
</ul>
Life's too short to list all these, which are both common and largely consistent; inconsistencies are covered in the Notes.<br />
<h3>
Notes for -or- representing /ɔ:/</h3>
<br />
<ol>
<li><b>chlorinated</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample uses the sound /ɒr/ – a common alternative pronunciation.
</li>
<li><b>con amore</b><br />
This is included because - unlike most other
"-ore" endings - the final "e" is sounded.
</li>
<li><b>corpora</b>, <b>corporal</b>, <b>corporate</b>, <b>corporation</b>, and <b>corporatism</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>corporeal</b><br />
This sound is in both the first and the second syllables.</li>
<li><b>corridor</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable. See also under /ɒ/.</li>
<li><b>deformation</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this
transcription, but the audio sample has /ə/ (risking a pun with def<u>a</u>mation).</li>
<li><b>for</b><br />
This sound is used when the word has stress. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>for[e]bear</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample has a hint of /ə/. Some speakers reserve the schwa pronunciation for the "decide against doing" sense,
with /ᴐ:/ used in the sense "genealogical antecedent" .</li>
<li><b>forearm</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many words that use "fore-"
as a prefix.</li>
<li><b>forebear</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds in order to highlight the possible pun with "forbear"
with /ə/ in the first syllable.</li>
<li><b>forehead</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of "fore-" compounds, because it is
also sometimes (but increasingly rarely) pronounced with /ɒ/. When Longfellow
rhymed "forehead" with "horrid" the /ɒ/ pronunciation was much more common.</li>
<li><b>fortepiano</b><br />
Not in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>. The link is to the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i></li>
<li><b>horseback</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many compounds forThe <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> with the "horse-" prefix</li>
<li><b>incorporate</b> and <b>incorporated</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>The Koran</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample is something between /ə/ and /ɒ/.</li>
<li><b>mortify</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have "mortify" as a headword.
The link is to the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>.</li>
<li><b>orang-utan</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample is something between schwa and /ɒ/.</li>
<li><b>oratorio</b><br />
The third syllable has this sound. See also /ɒ/.</li>
<li><b>organized</b> and <b>organizer</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not list the -ised version but it exists.</li>
<li><b>orthodontics</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many compound words that use the prefix ortho-.</li>
<li><b>porn</b><br />
This is an informal abbreviation of both "pornography" and a cluster of related
words, not included here individually as they behave entirely predictably.</li>
<li><b>restorative</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio sample uses /ɒ/, a common alternative.</li>
<li><b>shortbread</b><br />
This is the sole representative of other compound words that use the prefix "short".</li>
<li><b>spoilsport</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many compound words that use either "sport"
or "sports" as an affix.</li>
<li><b>stormtrooper</b><br />
This is the sole representative of many other words that use "storm" as an affix.</li>
<li><b>swordfish</b><br />
This is the sole representative of compound words that use either "sword"or "swords"
as a prefix.</li>
<li><b>waterborne</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many words that use the suffix "-borne". And as this is a productive mechanism the number is growing, and limited
only by the number of suitable vehicles.</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-80112677651402076432018-08-16T00:22:00.000-07:002018-08-16T00:22:01.141-07:00From IR to eternity (IR notes)<h3 id="IR-3long-notes">
/ɜ:/ Notes</h3>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b>circuitous</b><br />
Students of ESOL should note that this has 4 syllables, the second and third being /ju:ɪ/ (although the word <i>circuit </i>has only 2). Note also that the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has /ə/ in the first syllable.</li>
<li><b>extirpate</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has /ə/. The word is rarely used, and when it is a precise enunciation (with /ɜ:/) is common.</li>
<li><b>firsthand</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because it is entirely metaphorical.</li>
<li><b>headfirst</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because it is largely metaphorical - always, except when referring to an actual physical plunge.</li>
<li><b>jailbird</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because a jailbird is not a bird.</li>
<li><b>lovebird</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because a lovebird is not - in the more common, metaphorical sense - a bird.</li>
<li><b>stillbirth</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because what is born is more than just "still".</li>
<li><b>yardbird</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusioin of compounds because it is not a bird (and the "yard" in question is of a particular sort).</li>
</ol>
<br />
<ol>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="font-size: medium;">
<h3 id="IR-e">
/ɪ/ Notes</h3>
<div style="font-weight: normal;">
<ol>
<li><b>aspirate</b>ɪ<br />
In the adjective. the last syllable is /ət/. In the verb. the last syllable is /eɪt/.</li>
<li><b>direct, direction, directionless, directive, directly, directorate, directorial, directorship, directory, indirect. indirectly</b><br />
See also /aɪ/.</li>
<li><b>directorial</b><br />
See also /aɪ/. (Although the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not, in this one case, give two possible pronunciations - giving only the /aɪ/ variant - common usage does not observe this exception.)</li>
<li><b>indirectly</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have the /aɪ/ version, although it is common.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<ol>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="IR-aIschwa-notes">
/a<span style="font-weight: normal;">ɪ</span>ə/ Notes</h3>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b>campfire</b><br />
Escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because of its frequent collocation with "song". A "campfire song" is not necessarily sung in the presence of ("around" is the customary preposition) a campfire (or indeed <i>any</i> kind of fire).</li>
<li><b>desirous</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has no /ə/, a commonly heard variant.</li>
<li><b>dog-tired, hard-wired, live wire, quick-fire, sure-fire</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because it is entirely metaphorical.</li>
<li><b>entirety</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has no /ə/ (in the second syllable). although that is commonly heard. Students of ESOL should use this word with caution (if at all!): 'the entirety of' is usually (perhaps <i>always</i>) a grandiloquent way of saying'the whole', 'the whole of' or 'all'.</li>
<li><b>expiry, retiree, retirement, retiring</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has no /ə/ (in the second syllable).</li>
<li><b>firebrand</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words, for two reasons. The "brand" part scarcely exists as a freestanding word (with a concrete referent, that is), and the word as a whole is - more often than not - used to refer metaphorically to a sort of person.</li>
<li><b>grappling iron, iron, ironing, soldering iron</b><br />
Note that the "r" is not pronounced.</li>
<li><b>gridiron</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because of its metaphorical use (to refer to a field marked out for American football.)</li>
<li><b>haywire</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds, because it refers neither to hay nor to wire.</li>
<li><b>hot-wire</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds, because the wires involved are not hot .</li>
<li><b>wiretap</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because the "tap" in question is metaphorical.</li>
<li><b>wiry</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has very little (if any) /ə/.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<ol>
</ol>
</div>
<h3 id="IR-aI-notes">
/a<span style="font-weight: normal;">ɪ</span>/ Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>direct, direction, directionless, directive, directly, director, directorate, directorship, directory, indirect</b><br />
See also /ɪ/.</li>
<li><b>directorial</b><br />
See also /aɪ/. (Although the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not, in this one case, give two possible pronunciations - giving only the /aɪ/ variant - common usage does not observe this exception).</li>
<li><b>indirectly</b><br />
See also /ɪ/. The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have the /aɪ/ version (although it is not uncommon).</li>
</ol>
<br />
<ol>
</ol>
<h3 id="IR-schwa">
/ə/ Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>admirable</b><br />
Note that the stress is on the first syllable.</li>
<li><b>circumference</b><br />
Students of ESOL should note that, unlike other words formed with the "circum-" prefix, stress is on the second syllable.</li>
<li><b>elixir</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this but /i:ə/ and /Iə/ are both common and acceptable.</li>
<li><b>giraffe</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample has a trace of /ɪ/ - a common and acceptable alternative.</li>
<li><b>miraculous</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample uses /ɪ/.</li>
<li><b>piranha</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, but the audio sample uses /ɪ/. Both are acceptable, and in some speech communities the /ɪ/ variant is the more common.</li>
<li><b>satiri[s|z]e, satirist</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, as does the audio sample, but /ɪ/ is also common.</li>
<li><b>tapir</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this pronunciation, as do most other online dictionaries, but a version with /Iə/ is common and acceptable (some might even think it preferable - as it avoids a pun with "taper".</li>
<li><b>triumvirate, virility</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound, as does the audio sample,, but a version with /ɪ/ is common.</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-73312715339009085182018-07-27T02:45:00.000-07:002018-07-27T02:46:23.636-07:00By the way(side)<br />
<h2>
Notes from the word face</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>(an irregular report on work towards <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/When-Vowels-Get-Together-Sonorants-ebook/dp/B071KX7B61">WVGTbk2</a>)</i></div>
<br />
Just a quickie: in my ongoing (but increasingly sporadic...<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<digression><br />
Good word, that – sporadic. I imagine it's got something to do with ...<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<meta_digression><br />
Yup. <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/sporadic">Etymonline</a> shows how it started life as a Greek metaphor, then found its way into various Romance languages (<i>via </i>Latin)<br />
<h1 class="word__name--TTbAA" title="Origin and meaning of sporadic">
sporadic (adj.)</h1>
1680s, from Medieval Latin <span class="foreign">sporadicus</span> "scattered," from Greek <span class="foreign">sporadikos</span> "scattered," from <span class="foreign">sporas</span> (genitive <span class="foreign">sporados</span>) "scattered, dispersed," from <span class="foreign">spora</span> "a sowing" (see <a class="crossreference" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/spore?ref=etymonline_crossreference">spore</a>)..... <br />
</meta_digression></blockquote>
...spore.<br />
</digression></blockquote>
..._)
trawl through words spelt with the letters *IR*, I took some time off
to make an .mp3 file of my choir's next offering – Mozart's <i>Requiem</i>. Rather than use one of the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">YouTube2mp3 </span>sites
I took the old-fashioned path of recording it through my own sound
card (patching the speaker into the record socket) into some audio
manipulation software I use – no doubt sacrificing some sound quality on
the altar of DIY.<br />
<br />
I've mentioned before, somewhere in
this blog, the dictionary software I use, which pronounces each word as
you select it. While my audio file was still doing its thing, Proceeding
with my trawl I came upon a word and clicked on the little loudspeaker
doofer to check that the transcription matched the audio sample
(pointlessly, of course, as my patch was routing the soundcard back
into itself, but <i>thinking </i>isn't something I do much of when I'm in <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">data-collection</span> mode).<br />
<br />
I realized what I had done when I was lstening back to the recording:<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Rex tremen-</i><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>STIRRUP</b></span><i>-dae majestatis</i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Fortunately I learnt not to continue with this fruitless clicking, so the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">mp3 </span>file does not have disembodied *IR* words scattered (<i>sporadically </i></span><span style="font-size: small;">– appropriate or what?) throughout . </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">b </span>@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-21606554871326773972018-05-18T04:00:00.000-07:002018-05-18T04:05:19.550-07:00Remaining ER notes<div>
<div id="ER-3long-notes">
These are outnumbered by the notes for the one other sound represented by the spelling *ER* (/ə/). </div>
<h3 id="ER-3long-notes">
/<span style="font-weight: normal;">ɜ</span>:/ Notes</h3>
</div>
<ol>
<li><b>adversarial<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i style="font-weight: normal;">English Dictionary</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> transcription has this vowel </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">but the audio sample has /ə/.</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">advertisement</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Stress (in British English) is on the second syllable, but a possible American pronunciation has stress on the third syllable (with /ə/ in the second), and this pronunciation is not infrequent </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">among some speakers of British English.</span></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">alternate</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />This is the adjective, with stress on the second syllable, but see also <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-schwa">/ə/</a> for the verb.</span></span></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">berserk</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />The second syllable has this sound. See also </span><b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-schwa">/ə/</a>.</span></span></span></b></span></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">controversy</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">An alternative (and quite common) pronunciation has stress on the second syllable and /ə/ in third.</span></span></span></b></span></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;">dermatological</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">Not in t</span><b style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i style="font-weight: normal;">English Dictionary</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> as a headword. The link is to the </span></b><b style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;"><i>Collins </i></span><i style="font-weight: normal;">English Dictionary</i> <span style="font-weight: normal;">entry for </span></b></span></b></span></b><a href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dermatology" style="font-weight: bold;">dermatology</a><b> </b>which includes this as a <i>Derived form</i>.</span></span></li>
<li><b>deserved</b> and <b>deservedly<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">The verb has two syllable, but the adverb has four.</span></b></li>
<li><b>determinate<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i style="font-weight: normal;">English Dictionary</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> transcription has this vowel, but s</span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";">eems to be introducing a nasal to the final syllable . This may be because the word <i>determinate</i> is much less common than its antonym (<i>indeterminate</i>); (The Britisn National Corpus has about half as many instances of <i>determinate</i> as of <i>indeterminate</i> , and in the Corpus of Contemporary American the weighting is nearly twice as marked.) The nearest soundalike (with /ə/ in the final syllable) is <i>determina<u>n</u>t</i>. (more than twice as common in the Britisn National Corpus, three times as common in the Corpus of Contemporary American).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><b>ferment<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">This is the noun, stressed on the first syllable. The verb has stress on the second syllable and /ə/ in the first.</span></b></span></span></li>
<li><b>Germanic, hermaphrodite <span style="font-weight: normal;">and </span>hermetic</b><b><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i style="font-weight: normal;">English Dictionary</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> transcription has this vowel </span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">but the audio sample has /ə/ (a common and perfectly acceptable alternative).</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">inadvertent</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">The adjective is not included as a headword in <b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><i>Macmillan Engish Dictionary</i> (although <i>inadvertent<u>ly</u></i> is)</span></span></b>. The link is to the <i>Collins Engish Dictionary</i>.</span></span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";">kerbside<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">This escapes the exclusion of compounds because it is chiefly used metaphorically, with no reference to nearness to the kerb (as in "kerbside recycling" - which rarely if ever involves adjacency to the kerb).</span></span></span></b></li>
<li><b>perfect</b><br />
This is the adjective. with stress on the first syllable. See also in the <b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-schwa">/ə/</a> </span></span></span></b>section. </li>
<li><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><b>perfumed</b><br />
The <b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><i>Macmillan Engish Dictionary</i></span></span></b></span></span></b> gives this, with primary stress on the first syllable, for British English. In American English, the stress is on the second syllable (with /ə/ in the first syllable).</span><b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></b></li>
<li><b>permit</b> and<b> pervert</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">This is the noun, with stress on the first syllable. See also the </span><b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-schwa">/ə/</a> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> section for the verb, which is stressed on the second syllable.</span></li>
<li><b>perseverance, persevere</b>, and <b>persevering</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">This sound is in the first syllable. For the sound in the third syllable, see the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-Ischwa">/iə/</a> section.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><b>servery</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also <b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-family: "cambria";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-schwa">/ə/</a>.</span></span></span></b></span></li>
<li><b>superfluous. superlative,</b> and <b>superlatively</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of words that start "super-" because neither *fluous nor *lative is a free-standing word.; and besides the sound is not /ə/.</li>
<li><b>vermicelli</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel but the audio sample is /eə/, an approximation to the Italian.</li>
<li><b>vermouth</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel as does the audio sample, but a<span style="font-family: "cambria";">nother pronunciation (with stress on the second syllable and /ə/ in the first) is common. <span style="font-family: "arial";">The </span><i style="font-family: Arial;">Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this pronunciation, with matching audio, calling it "American", but (confusingly, and presumably unintentionally) uses the same transcription.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<h3 id="ER-e-section">
</h3>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<h3 id="ER-e-notes">
/<span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span>/ Notes</h3>
</div>
</div>
<ol>
<li><b>a posteriori</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel but the audio sample is /ɪə/. Both are used.</li>
<li><b>beriberi</b><br />
Both -<i>er</i>s represent this sound.</li>
<li><b>cerebral</b><br />
With this pronunciation, stress is on the first syllable. American English has stress on the second syllable, with /ə/ in the first (as in <i>cerebrum</i>). This pronunciation is becoming common in the UK.</li>
<li><b>ferret</b><br />
Note that, unlike with many noun/verb pairs (for example <i>ferment</i>), the verb has the same pronunciation as the noun.</li>
<li><b>herringbone</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds, because its chief use is as a metaphor that has little immediate relevance to fish.</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ER-Ischwa">
</h3>
<h3 id="ER-3long-notes">
/<span style="font-weight: normal;">ɪ</span>ə/ Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>adherence</b><br />
Except in words ending -ere[d],the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this diphthong but the audio sample is /i:/ (throughout this section).</li>
<li><b>arteriosclerosis</b><br />
This sound occurs in the first of the *<i>er</i>* syllables; for the second see e.</li>
<li><b>deleterious</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this diphthong but the audio sample is /eə/. Both pronunciations are common.</li>
<li><b>interfere</b>, <b>interference</b>, and <b>interfering</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable; the sound /ə/ occurs in the second.</li>
<li><b>materiel</b><br />
The final syllable uses the /e/ sound (unlike <i>materi<u>a</u>l</i> which has /ə/). The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this transcription, but the audio example is /ə/. Presumably this is an unintentional slip.</li>
<li><b>perseverance</b>, <b>persevere</b>, and <b>persevering</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable. For the sound in the first syllable, see the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-3long">/ɜ:/</a> section.</li>
<li><b>serotonin</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this diphthong but the audio sample uses /e/ (a common alternative).</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ER-3long-notes">
/<span style="font-weight: normal;">ɪ</span>/ Notes</h3>
<div>
<div>
<ol>
<li><b>bereave</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not list the bare infinitive, only the participle. Others do (the link is to the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>).</li>
<li><b>derivative</b> and <b>erase</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound but the audio sample has a hint of /e/.</li>
<li><b>erratic</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound but the audio sample has /e/ - a common pronunciation.</li>
<li><b>ineradicable</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound but the audio sample has /ə/. Either is acceptable.</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="ER-3long-notes">
/<span style="font-weight: normal;">e</span>ə/ Notes</h3>
</div>
</div>
<ol>
<li><b>bolero</b><br />
This vowel is in the second syllable. An alternative pronunciation, with stress on the first syllable, has /ə/ in the second.</li>
<li><b>ersatz</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this diphthong but the audio sample has /ɜ:/ - a common anglicization.</li>
<li><b>werewolf</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compounds because <i>wer</i> (in the sense <i>man</i>) is not a word in Modern English.</li>
</ol>
<div>
<div>
</div>
<h3 id="ER-3long-notes">
/<span style="font-weight: normal;">ɑ</span>:/ Notes</h3>
<div id="ER-3long-notes">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">*ER* represents this sound in a dwindling number of words. For example, in the BBC <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#overviewstats/src=sidebar">Radio</a> comedy series <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Navy_Lark">The Navy Lark</a>
recorded 1959-61, the rear end of a ship is called its /stɑ:n/, but I
have only ever heard the /ɑ:/ pronunciation in that context
</span></div>
<ol>
<li><b>sergeant</b> and <b>sergeant-at-arms</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has no option with the -j- spelling for the word on its own, but other dictionaries do. The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does, though, for the derived phrase.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<h3 class="sigil_not_in_toc" id="AR-AOB-notes">
Notes for other sounds</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>every</b><br />
The *<i>er</i>* is occasionally enunciated, in childish speech or in music or poetry, if scansion requires it.</li>
<li><b>knobk[i]errie</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this sound but the audio sample /e/. The /i/ pronunciation presumably refers to the -<i>ier</i>- spelling.</li>
<li><b>croupier and dossier</b><br />
While <i>croupier</i> has, in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> a single English pronunciation (/ə/), <i>dossier</i> has two (/ə/ and /eɪ/). The reason (if any) for this is not clear; in fact, in my experience, the /eɪ/ pronunciatrion is if anything more common in the case of <i>croupier</i> (perhaps because of its association with smart ‘continental‘ life-styles).</li>
<!--
<li><b></b><br />
</li>
-->
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-83700258605895005302018-05-11T08:22:00.001-07:002018-05-11T08:33:28.568-07:00ER... What's the most common *ER* sound?No prizes for guessing it's /ə/. Even after very many exclusions (to keep the job of compiling within bounds...<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<quote_from_intro subject="exclusions"><br />
<i>[These lists exclude]</i> [w]ords that end "*er", and their derivatives (such as <i>coverage</i> or <i>considerable</i>), which account in all for well over a half of "*er*" words; even without derivatives, such words account for a quarter of the *er* total (more than the total for all *ir* or *ur* words).<br />
</quote_from_intro></blockquote>
..., nearly half of all the words listed in #WVGTbook2 (to give the book its pet name) use the spelling *er* to represent the sound /ə/.<br />
<br />
Here are the notes for this section.
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><b>adversary</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-weight: normal;">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i style="font-weight: normal;">English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample both have this vowel (with stress on the first syllable) but quite often stress is put (in a way disapproved of in some circles) on the second, with the sound /ɜ:/.</li>
<li><b>afterward[s]</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compounds because the "after-" is followed by a string that is not a free-standing word.</li>
<li><b>alternate</b><br />
This is the verb, with stress on the first syllable, but see also the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-3long">/</a>ɜ:/ section for the adjective.</li>
<li><b>barbershop</b><br />
Escapes two exclusions (words ending -er and compound words built using them) because the word is now used principally to refer to a kind of singing.</li>
<li><b>berserk</b><br />
The first syllable has this sound. See also the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#ER-3long">/</a>ɜ:/ section.</li>
<li><b>ceramic[s]</b> and <b>cerise</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> transcription and audio sample both have this vowel, but a pronunciation with an /ɪ/ pronunciation is common.</li>
<li><b>certification</b><br />
Not in t<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i>, except in the form <i>self-certification</i>. This is odd, as the British National Corpus has only five occurrences of <i>self-certification</i>, as against more than 70 times as many occurrences of <i>certification</i>. The Corpus of Contemporary American has 1000 times that number.</li>
<li><b>chatterbox</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compound words because no box is involved.</li>
<li><b>choleric</b><br />
T<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> has this, with stress on the first syllable. But some dictionaries - eg the <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i> - have /e/, with stress on the second syllable (but still, incidentally, /ɒ/ in the first, according to that dictionary - although /ə/ is also common).</li>
<li><b>copperplate</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because its most common use today is in calligraphy - and does not refer to a copper plate.</li>
<li><b>coterie</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that in the second syllable the vowel is not /e/. That is, the <b>e</b> behaves like a "Magic E" (in producing the /əʊ/ in the first syllable), but goes on to represemt an /ə/ in the second.</li>
<li><b>crackers</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives of words ending -er because its use (except, of course, as a plural of cracker) is metaphorical.</li>
<li><b>creamery</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives of words ending -er because a "creamer" in this image (a jug) is no longer in use (except, perhaps, dialectally). Besides, the suffix is not "-y" but "ery"; see note 14.</li>
<li><b>crockery</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives of words ending -er because it is not derived from a non-existent *crocker. The suffix "-ery" usually means "place for, art of, condition of, quantity of". See further information from Etymonline <a href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/-ery">here</a></li>
<li><b>cutlery</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives of words ending -er because a "cutler" is chiefly a tradesman of historical interest.</li>
<li><b>deanery</b><br />
This looks as though it should be excluded as a derivative, but it is a derivative of dean rather than the (non-existent) *deaner.</li>
<li><b>divers</b><br />
This is not the plural of the noun (which is excluded). It is an archaic determiner (meaning something like "various").</li>
<li><b>dividers</b><br />
This is not excluded (as a word ending with an unstressed last syllable) since it is not the plural of the word "divider".</li>
<li><b>elderberry</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also the /e/ section.</li>
<li><b>enervate</b><br />
The bare infinitive is not included in t<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i>. The link is to the <span style="font-family: "cambria";"><i>Collins </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i>.</li>
<li><b>evergreen</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds, because of its metaphorical use - with a meaning something like "commonly-held favorite"(for example "evergreen melodies")..</li>
<li><b>ferment</b><br />
This is the noun, stressed on the first syllable. The verb has stress on the second syllable and /ə/ in the first.</li>
<li><b>fisherman</b><br />
This escapes two general exclusions (compound words and derivatives of words ending -er) as <i>fisher</i> is a rather rare noun, not included in t<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i>.</li>
<li><b>geranium</b><br />
T<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary's</i> transcription gives this sound (as does the audio sample), but a pronunciation with an /ɪ/ pronunciation is common.</li>
<li><b>gooseberry</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that this has neither the /u:/ of <i>goose</i> nor the /e/ of <i>berry</i>.</li>
<li><b>heroics</b><br />
T<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary's </i>transcribes this with a /ə/ , although the same dictionary gives the word <i>heroic</i> (the adjective) with an /ɪ/. This is surely accidental: either word can be pronounced with either vowel.</li>
<li><b>huckleberry</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> transcription uses /ə/ but the audio sample has /e/. Either vowel is possible.</li>
<li><b>interfere</b>, <b>interference</b>, and <b>interfering</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable; for the sound in the third, see the /ɪə/ section.</li>
<li><b>knickerbockers</b><br />
Both -<i>er</i>s (in the second and in the fourth syllables) use this sound.</li>
<li><b>liverish</b><br />
This escapes the exclusion of derivatives of words endng -<i>er</i> because the relation to the liver is largely metaphorical.</li>
<li><b>liberation</b><br />
The <span style="font-family: "cambria";"><i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> does not list <i>liberation</i>; the link is to the <span style="font-family: "cambria";"><i>Collins </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i>.</li>
<li><b>midwifery</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that the vowel in the second syllable is /I/ (despite the /aɪ/ of the source noun <i>midwife</i>.</li>
<li><b>miserable</b> and <b>monastery</b><br />
T<span style="font-family: "cambria";">he <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary's</i> transcription gives this sound, but the audio sample has only three syllables (a more common pronunciation [except in very formal contexts and in the speech of children]).</li>
<li><b>overweening</b> and <b>overwhelm</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of words with *-er- prefixes because neither "ween" nor "whelm" exists in current British English as a standalone word.</li>
<li><b>peremptory</b><br />
Some speakers stress the first syllable, with the sound /e/.</li>
<li><b>perfect</b><br />
This is the verb. with stress on the second syllable. See also in the /ɜ:/ section.</li>
<li><b>permit</b><br />
This is the verb, with stress on the second syllable. See also the /ɜ:/ section for the noun.</li>
<li><b>persimmon</b> and <b>pertain</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> transcription uses /ə/ but the audio sample has a hint of /ɜ:/. Both are possible.</li>
<li><b>pervert</b><br />
This is the verb, stressed on the second syllable. For the noun, stressed on the first syllable, see the /ɜ:/ section.</li>
<li><b>pizzeria</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> transcription uses /ə/ but the audio sample has a hint of /e/. Both pronunciations are common.</li>
<li>
<b>raspberry</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note three things:
<ul>
<li>the "p" is silent</li>
<li>the "s" assimilates to the voicing of the /b/ (and so represents the /z/ sound)</li>
<li>"e" does not represent the /e/ sound</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><b>rubberneck</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compounds because the metaphorical verb does not refer to necks.</li>
<li><b>saddlery</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives from words that end -<i>er</i> because the role of <i>saddler</i> is almost extinct. Besides, see note 14.</li>
<li><b>savagery</b>, <b>scenery</b>, <b>scullery</b>, <b>shrubbery</b> and <b>snobbery</b><br />
These escape the usual exclusion of derivatives from words that end -er because there is no such thing as a <i>savager</i>, a <i>scener</i>, a <i>sculler</i>, a <i>shrubber</i> or a <i>snobber</i>. In other words, they all escape that exclusion by simply not <i>being</i> a derivative of a non-existent noun.</li>
<li><b>slippery</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of derivatives from words that end -<i>er</i> because there is no such derivation (it does not mean "like a slipper").</li>
<li><b>superficial</b> and <b>superstition</b><br />
These escape the usual exclusion of words that start <i>super</i>- because neither *<i>ficial</i> not *<i>stition</i> is a free-standing word.</li>
<li><b>supervi[s|z]e</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of words that start <i>super</i>- because *<i>vise</i> is not a free-standing word (in current British English).</li>
<li><b>undercarriage</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of words that start <i>under</i>- because the notion of a <i>carriage</i> is a long way from this aeronautical metaphor.</li>
<li><b>undermine</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of words that start <i>under</i>- because the idea of "cutting ground away" is largely metaphorical.</li>
<li><b>understand</b>, <b>understanding</b>, <b>understudy</b> and <b>undertak[e|en|ing]</b><br />
These escape the usual exclusion of words that start <i>under</i>- because of the distance between their etymology and the idea of inferiority.</li>
<li><b>underway</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of words that start <i>under</i>- because the notion of "way" - meaning the making of progress, as in the nautical phrase "steerage way" (when a vessel is making enough progress for the rudder to have an appreciable effect) - is far from the word's current meaning.</li>
<li><b>verruca</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> transcription uses /ə/ but the audio sample has /ɜ:/.</li>
<li><b>watermark</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compound words because it refers to a process of papermaking that is a closed book for the most part to all but hobbyists and etymological dictionaries.</li>
<li><b>westernize|d</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria";">The <i>Macmillan </i></span><i>English Dictionary</i> does not list a spelling with -<i>ise</i>; but a few other dictionaries listed by <i>Onelook</i> do.</li>
<li><b>wickerwork</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compound words because <i>wicker</i> is not in regular use as a free-standing word. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZdbrjJtI-Gnz3PEjvlagxax2YEaItkGcwX1TiBZ1nl3wrGhsVT9xLyUF2wKL9SVlcLHulxPoeXEGBTs77deJMbqcXD55DIGjc9X54zqGK9h-9mjXTqbzvG4KvmK0_mH5wkkeYtJGhOCQW/s1600/wickerTrend.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="636" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZdbrjJtI-Gnz3PEjvlagxax2YEaItkGcwX1TiBZ1nl3wrGhsVT9xLyUF2wKL9SVlcLHulxPoeXEGBTs77deJMbqcXD55DIGjc9X54zqGK9h-9mjXTqbzvG4KvmK0_mH5wkkeYtJGhOCQW/s400/wickerTrend.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /><br />The illustration shows the decline as noted by in the <i>Collins English Dictionary. </i>In the last 50 years plotted (data runs out at 2008) usage declined by well over 70%</li>
<li><b>withers</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of words deriving from words ending -<i>er</i> as <i>wither</i> and <i>withers</i> (part of a horse) are unrelated.</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-10822214907801517472018-04-30T07:49:00.002-07:002018-04-30T08:09:22.090-07:00The Curious Incident of the SatNav ... <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">... well, any time really. Here are the remaining notes for the *AR*</span></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">chapter</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> including a <i>SatNav</i> reference that I thought long and hard over (with vanity in the end overcoming common-sense :-)).</span></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Notes for /æ/ </span></b><br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><b>aristocrat</b><br />
The traditional British English pronunciation has the /æ/ vowel and
stress on the first syllable). Probably because of the Disney film <i>The Aristocats,</i> the American English pronunciation (with /ə/ in the first syllable and stress on the second) is steadily growing in popularity.</li>
<li><b>arriviste</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has primary
stress on the last syllable (as in French) and secondary stress on the
first. But audio puts primary stress on the first.</li>
<li><b>barbaric</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also under /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>Caribbean</b><br />
A pronunciation with stress on the second syllable and initial /ə/ is becoming common.</li>
<li><b>garage</b><br />
A pronunciation with stress on the second syllable, given by many
dictionaries as American, is increasingly common in British English.</li>
<li><b>harakiri</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel
but - as is commonly the case with foreign borrowings - a range of
vowel sounds is possible (ranging from /ʌ/ to /ɑ:/ ). The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does have /æ/ , but has /i:/ in the second syllable (that is, the one written "ra").</li>
<li><b>harassed</b> and <b>harassment</b><br />
This - more readily than the bare infinitive - often has stress on
the second syllable and /ə/ in the first. For more about this
alternation, see <a href="https://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2017/12/beind-harras.html">this blog</a>.</li>
<li><b>maraschino</b><br />
Note that the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcribes this (accurately, in an Italian word) with /k/, but the audio has /ʃ/ The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>
gives no transcription for the collocation "maraschino cherry", but
again the audio sample has /ʃ/. This rogue /ʃ/ is not uncommon in other
Italian borrowings – for example, <i>bruschetta</i>.</li>
<li><b>paragliding</b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many sports that combine a parachute with another pursuit.</li>
</ol>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Notes for /eə/</span></b>
<br />
<ol>
<li><b>Aryan</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel sound but the audio sample has /æ/.</li>
<li><b>barbarian</b><br />
The second "ar" has this sound. See also /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>bridgeware</b><br />
This evades the usual <i>no-compounds</i> rule (which excludes for example, <i>chinaware</i>) because it refers to an intangible sort of <i>-ware</i>. This is the sole representative of other such words (<i>software, wetware, etc.)</i></li>
<li><b>carefree</b><br />
This is the sole representative of words that use <i>care</i> (both as a prefix and as a suffix)</li>
<li><b>cheeseparing</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages may want to note that the source of the verb is <i>paring</i> (a small amount cut off) and not <i>sparing.</i></li>
<li><b>contrary</b> and <b>contrariwise</b><br />
This pronunciation marks a particular usage. A more common meaning (but quite distinct) has primary stress on the first syllable, and /ə/. The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives <i>only</i> the /eə/ pronunciation for the word "contrariwise", which might seem a little perverse (some might say <i>contrary</i>). But the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i> gives "contrariwise" with primary stress on the first syllable and /ə/ in the second; the /eə/ pronunciation (strictly speaking, following the phonemic scheme always used in that dictionary, /ɛə/) <i>is</i> also given – with the sense "in a <a class="ref type-def" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/contrary" title="Definition of contrary">contrary</a> way" (but their link does not make it clear which sense they mean). The adverb is rare enough for this lack of clarity not to have a serious impact for the student.</li>
<li><b>harum-scarum</b><br />
This pronunciation occurs in both words.</li>
<li><b>parliamentarian</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable from last. See also above, /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>prepared</b> and <b>preparedness</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that while the adjective has two syllables the abstract noun has four.</li>
<li><b>rarefied</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that, unlike many other words with the spelling "*are+<<i>suffix</i>>" (such as <i>barely</i>, <i>daresay</i> <i>etc</i>.), the written<b> </b>"e" represents a separate sound – /ɪ/. That is, the word has <u>three</u> syllables.</li>
<li><b>veterinarian</b><br />Note that although this word has six syllables (with the <i>-ter-</i> being fully enunciated the word <i>veterinary</i> (see under /ə/) may have either four or five (and sometimes even three: /vetənri:/).</li>
</ol>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Notes for /ᴐ:/</span></b><br />
<ol>
<li id="WVGTbk2-AR-Olong-n01">That is <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>[the text has averred that /wᴐ:/ <span style="font-size: xx-small;">CAN</span> be represented by "w|wh|qu+ar"] </i></span></span> the condition is necessary, but not sufficient – there are several counterexamples: <i>square, wary, quarry, warrant</i>....</li>
<li><b>lukewarm</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words because the fossil "luke" that appears in it has no current life as a free-standing word.</li>
<li><b>toward</b> and <b>towards</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that, unlike all other words of the form <<i>direction-or-destination</i>>+"ward[s]" (for example <i>backward,</i> <i>downward,</i> <i>forward,</i> <i>homeward</i>, <i>onward,</i> <i>upward,</i> <<i>compass-point</i>>+"ward" or any other such word) this word has stress on the <i>second</i> syllable. Moreover, the first syllable, given by the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> as /tə/, is sometimes heard as /tʊ/ and is sometimes dropped entirely. The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> recognizes this reduced variant with a separate transcription and audio sample, but only for the first of the two words: /tɔ:(r)d/ but not /tɔ:(r)dz/. It's not clear to me whether this has any basis in observed fact; I don't <i>believe</i> I've heard a <i>person</i> say /tɔ:(r)dz/, but my <i>SatNav</i> says it, and I have no reason to believe that the voiceover artist who recorded it was being intentionally perverse.</li>
</ol>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Notes for other sounds</span></b><br />
<ol>
<li id="AR_AOB_n01"><b>/ɒ/ – unwarranted</b><br />
Rarely used in the positive, unless the context is negative: example - "His intrusion was not warranted". (Note that a negative context need not involve a negative particle; consider, for example, "Such heavy-handed intervention was hardly warranted.")</li>
<li id="AR_AOB_n02"><b>/ʌ/ – Bharat</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of loanwords used primarily in a non-UK English-speaking country as it offers an occasion to show two things: that the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> contains many such words, and that the pronunciation of such words is always problematic - the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>'s transcription has this vowel but the audio example has /ɑ:/.</li>
<li id="AR_AOB_n03"><b><i>Null (no sound)</i> – secretary</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this three-syllable version as British English, and the American English version (with primary stress on the *AR* syllable) having the sound /e/. (In many other cases, a null pronunciation of an *AR* syllable is given as an alternative to /ə/, but this is the only case I have found where no /ə/ option is given). The four-syllable version is becoming common in British English; indeed, many speakers of British English regard the three-syllable version as quaint and/or amusingly old-fashioned.</li>
</ol>
b
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-7557561086707729172018-04-18T08:18:00.001-07:002018-06-08T01:41:56.273-07:00The notes for words with *AR* representing /ə/<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAl2iUQNR7SR3a0ZsOTpe_JKaub1Tkm14L7HOJ7CObJWZk7ztPPpUVcpaKOhMtO0lZzFVzKm-aONdxpATrc9V57MyvGUz4GSiXqFuBTCCTGW95BAYNJ4AdaRZ1CVglEAHkewq7E3u9_4tK/s1600/son-schwa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="89" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAl2iUQNR7SR3a0ZsOTpe_JKaub1Tkm14L7HOJ7CObJWZk7ztPPpUVcpaKOhMtO0lZzFVzKm-aONdxpATrc9V57MyvGUz4GSiXqFuBTCCTGW95BAYNJ4AdaRZ1CVglEAHkewq7E3u9_4tK/s1600/son-schwa.jpg" /></a>Here are the notes for *AR* => /ə/. Further to what I said previously about the greater need for notes when a vowel meets a sonorant, I've done some checking: there are 25 here and by comparison, in the digraphs <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/When-Vowels-Get-Together-Knowles-ebook/dp/B00GSVKUL4">book</a> (which in due course will be relaunched as <i>WVGT with Other Vowels</i>) there are a total of 27 notes for <i>all</i> vowel sounds represented by <i>all</i> digraphs beginning with "<b>a</b>".<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><b>arbitrary</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable. For the sound in the first, see above (/ɑ:/).</li>
<li><b>bastardized</b>, <b>militarized</b> and <b>notarized</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has no <i>-i<u>s</u>ed</i> version, though other dictionaries (for example, <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>) have.</li>
<li><b>budgetary</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this vowel, with the option of nothing, and the audio exemplifies this three-syllable version.</li>
<li><b>carotid artery</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel sound but the audio sample has /æ/ (in the first word).</li>
<li><b>charisma</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note the variation in <i>charismatic</i> - the second "a" becomes /æ/.</li>
<li><b>comparable</b> and <b>comparably</b><br />
With this sound, primary stress is on the first syllable. But an increasiingly common version with stress on the second syllable has the sound /æ/.</li>
<li><b>contemporary</b><br />
Both the <i>-or-</i> and the <i>-ar-</i> have this sound, and in colloquial speech they are often elided into a single /ər/.</li>
<li><b>contrary</b><br />
See also under /eə/ (with a distinct meaning).</li>
<li><b>corollary</b> and <b>coronary</b><br />
Note that these two have distinct stress patterns (although there is a tendency for the two to coalesce). The first has primary stress on the second syllable. The second has primary stress on the first syllable, and this is shown unequivocally in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>. But in many speakers of British English primary stress is on the first syllable in both.</li>
<li><b>dullard</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this vowel sound, but a version with /ɑ:/ is common.</li>
<li><b>harassed</b> and <b>harassment</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> recognizes this (increasingly common) as an alternative to the /æ/ pronunciation. For more about this alternation, see <a href="https://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2017/12/beind-harras.html">this blog</a></li>
<li><b>kaross</b><br />
This borrowing from South African English is transcribed like this (with stress on the second syllable) in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>, but the audio sample has /æ/ and stress on the first).</li>
<li><b>lanyard</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion for compond words, as the second syllable is not pronounced /jɑ:d/ and has nothing to do with <i>boatyards</i> or <i>shipyards</i>.</li>
<li><b>margarine</b> and <b>margarita</b><br />
The <i>second </i>syllable has this sound. See also under /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>necessarily</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this, with stress on the first syllable, but a pronunciation with /e/ in the third syllable (also recognized by the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>) is becoming increasingly common.</li>
<li><b>ordinarily</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> has this, with stress on the first syllable, but a pronunciation with /e/ in the third syllable (also recognized by the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>) is becoming increasingly common. Sometimes, when stress is on this syllable, the sound is /æ/.</li>
<li><b>parliamentary</b><br />
This sound is in the penultimate syllable. See also /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>primarily</b> and <b>summarily</b><br />
With this vowel sound, primary stress is on the first syllable. A pronunciation with stress on the second syllable, which becomes /e/, is increasingly common.</li>
<li><b>salaryman</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words as a <i>salaryman</i> is not just someone who earns a salary.</li>
<li><b>sarsaparilla</b><br />
This sound is in the third syllable. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>scimitar</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription has this vowel sound but the audio sample has /ɑ:/ (which is common - in my experience, more common).</li>
<li><b>tartar</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also under /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>unparliamentary</b><br />
This sound is in the penultimate syllable. See also under /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><b>veterinary</b><br />
Note that although this word may have either four or five (and sometimes even three: /vetənri:/ ) the word <i>veterinarian</i> (see under /eə/) has six syllables (with the letters <i>-ter-</i> being fully enunciated).</li>
<li><b>vineyard</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of <i>-yard</i> compounds as it does not have the /ɑ:/ pronunciation.</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-84645348365448236272018-04-12T09:51:00.001-07:002018-06-08T01:42:49.761-07:00AR, that be right<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglGrdLqbsUMJRHh2bvH0RE6mpQy4bu3-40UNBYrqfuGevDwfkaGWQWYb7NCIXB0gxYt7ck7pWU392n-RkcZXIookq1LFGFPsnLHeZnKfc4e8UnuZPeUyIefGiRZU-ATj474ubkcf74zrNA/s1600/aLong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglGrdLqbsUMJRHh2bvH0RE6mpQy4bu3-40UNBYrqfuGevDwfkaGWQWYb7NCIXB0gxYt7ck7pWU392n-RkcZXIookq1LFGFPsnLHeZnKfc4e8UnuZPeUyIefGiRZU-ATj474ubkcf74zrNA/s1600/aLong.jpg" /></a>Here are the notes for words where the letters "AR" represent the sound /ɑ:/. In the first volume of the series (already published as <span style="font-size: small;"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/When-Vowels-Get-Together-Knowles-ebook/dp/B00GSVKUL4">When Vowels Get Together</a></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">, but which will in due course become the first </span></span>volume in the WVGT series, being <b>WVGT ...
<u>with other vowels</u></b>) it was not necessary to break the notes down according to vowel sound (there were, for example, only seven notes in the AE section, for all sounds). But sonorants are turning out to be much more ... <i>erm</i> ...<i>notiferous</i>? <i>notigerent</i>? <span style="color: red;"><i>trivibunda?</i></span><br />
<ol>
<li><b>afar<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">The </span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Macmillan English Dictionary</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> does not include this word. The link is to t</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">he </span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Collins English Dictionary</i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></b></li>
<li><b>applecart </b><br /> This escapes the usual exclusion for compound words, because the word is only ever used in the collocation "upset the applecart" and is not necessarily a cart for apples (or, indeed, any kind of cart). </li>
<li><b>arbitrary</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. For the sound in the first, see below (/ə/).</li>
<li><b>archaeopteryx</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have the American English spelling.</li>
<li><b>archangel</b><br />
When "arch-" is used as a prefix (in <u>English</u> - so <i>archvillain, archrival etc.</i> but not <i>archetype</i>), the letters "ch" usually represent /tʃ/. In this case, though, the consonant sound is /k/.</li>
<li><b>armchair</b><br />This escapes the usual exclusions of compound words, because it is not a chair <u>for</u> arms - as in, for example, <i>armrest</i>.</li>
<li><b>barbarian</b>, <b>barbaric</b>, <b>barbarism</b> , and <b>barbarous</b><br />This sound is in the first syllable. See also under /eə/, /æ/, and //ə.</li>
<li><b>cardio-</b><br />
This prefix is used in many medical and physiological terms.</li>
<li><b>cartwheel</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words because, in its most common (metaphorical) use, it refers to an acrobatic movement that involves neither a <i>cart</i> nor a <i>wheel</i>.</li>
<li><b>compartmentalize</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have either <i>compartmental</i> or <i>compartmentalise</i> – though it <i>does</i> have <i>compartmentali<u>z</u>e</i> with an audio sample marked as "British" (not that <i>-ize</i> spellings are necessarily <u>un</u>British [see <a href="https://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2012/11/but-nobody-says-potahto.html">this post</a> for more details]).</li>
<li><b>farthing</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that – unlike in the words <i>anything</i> or <i>something </i> – the fricative is voiced.</li>
<li><b>hardball</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because (in British English) it is only used in the collocation "play hardball" (borrowed from American English).</li>
<li><b>hardline</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because it is used metaphorically (to mean "strict").</li>
<li><b>lodestar</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words because the fossil "lode" that appears in it has no current life as a free-standing word.</li>
<li><b>margarine</b> and <b>margarita</b><br />
The first syllable has this sound. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>marshmallow</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words because in it the word <i>mallow</i> has no relevance to the sweetmeat.</li>
<li><b>narc</b><br />
An American English usage, not to be confused with <i>nark</i> (who is on the opposite side of the law).</li>
<li><b>parliamentarian</b> and <b>parliamentary</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also /eə/.</li>
<li><b>pockmark</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compounds, as the word "pock" is rarely if ever used as a standalone word. And when it is, it is probably understood as a back-formation from the "compound".</li>
<li><b>quark<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">The </span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Macmillan English Dictionary</i> <span style="font-weight: normal;">lists only the sub-atomic particle, and does not give the alternative pronunciation (with /</span></b><span style="font-weight: bold;">ɔ:/</span>). This may reflect the fact that when James Joyce used it in <i>Finnegan's Wake</i> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#Etymology">context</a> suggested to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (discoverer of quarks) that it should rhyme with the name "Mark". However, apart from a name for a kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)">cheese</a>, this word is the only English word with the sound /wɑ:/ represented by the /w/+"ar" spelling; in fact, the sound /wɑ:/ represented by <i>any</i> spelling, is not very common (discounting the dialectal <i>twa,</i> a few foreign borrowings such as <i>bwana</i> and <i>suave,</i> and the comic-book conventional representation of an unhappy baby – <i>wah!</i>) . This uniqueness might explain some peoples' (sub-conscious) preference for the alternative pronunciation.</li>
<li><b>sarsaparilla</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also below /ə/.</li>
<li><b>sidebar</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion for "-bar" compounds because of its metaphorical use to mean a separate channel of communication.</li>
<li><b>tartar</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also below /ə/.</li>
<li><b>Tartare Sauce</b><br />
This sound occurs in both syllables of the first word.</li>
<li><b>unparliamentary</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also below /ə/.</li>
</ol>
b<br />
<br />
<i>Update: 2018.04.13.13:45</i> <i>– </i>Added graphic, and added another neological candidate in <span style="color: red;">red</span>. <br />
<ol>
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@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-65313165001860837682018-04-11T08:20:00.001-07:002018-06-07T01:15:29.360-07:00All is well<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Before Easter, I met a kink (something which should reside in a <i>Kink Por</i>t?) in the progress of <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/When-Vowels-Get-Together-Sonorants-ebook/dp/B071KX7B61">#WVGTbk2</a>. Suddenly, without precedent and without (meaningful) warning, the Kindle Direct Publishing site started responding to my submissions with this:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSVpkVv34TAKRDpwAIMBkTA7j9efFF00y8Vgb3v9U376t3VgkXf3_4ck94tzil-m97PeDbSPyEvhSm4rtXnohKpN_8j525BDhefZl8iIHxhT-dhZ7S8CCzjc4-frXfw5X9d3OsBc4ku-jK/s1600/kdperror.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="961" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSVpkVv34TAKRDpwAIMBkTA7j9efFF00y8Vgb3v9U376t3VgkXf3_4ck94tzil-m97PeDbSPyEvhSm4rtXnohKpN_8j525BDhefZl8iIHxhT-dhZ7S8CCzjc4-frXfw5X9d3OsBc4ku-jK/s400/kdperror.JPG" width="400" /> </a></div>
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There was "<b><i>a</i></b> problem" – pretty scarey. I went to the Help page, which of course didn't do <i>what it said on the ti</i>...tle. There was a tab marked <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Community</span>, where I thought I might at least find fellow-sufferers. I described my problem, hit <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Send</span>, and got ... another meaningless error-message.</div>
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At this point I took a breath. Perhaps the two errors were related. Maybe KDP was running on a skeleton staff over Easter, and some critical function was <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">down </span>(as they say, if avoiding the odious IT-speak about <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">experiencing an outage</span>...</div>
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<autobiographical_note></div>
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A kindred spirit, when I formed part of a three-man crack team with the task of <span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>[tasked with </b></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>– "Oh Christ! That ever this should be" in the words of the Ancient Mariner]</b></i></span> bringing English to the Digital Equipment Company) explained that <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Outage </span>was a typo for <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Outrage</span>.</div>
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...). So I just had to wait for a day or two and try again.<br />
<br />
Which I did, but to no avail; I got the same error.<br />
<br />
But all is now well. There was an internal <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">XHTML </span>error in the cross-references, caused by my effort at ensuring consistency (by using a clone of my *AL* chapter as a "starter" for my *AR* chapter, and then deleting the text). I didn't delete the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">ID</span>s (which was the point of the exercise – except that I forgot to update the <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">ID</span>s to point to new stuff). The poor compiler got its wires hopelessly tangled.<br />
<br />
So <i>all things have in a beautiful way</i>, as the Ancient Greeks used to say when they meant everything was OK – <span style="font-size: large;">παντα καλως έχει</span> (give or take a diacritic, which we didn't <i>do</i>). Now it's a simple matter of <i>writing</i> the thing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy90EjrUoStjVIDmkLgMuVnU2iMGz-6pMWz9CQC-VVcmGmaChxygGVc61plLehNwnf_BFV_lhIrX9IGj75jmTGLdj8H_10PPeHFN6HXF6GJbTn8IDAnZKUQqkdX11NCKFg-JxDW6765bv1/s1600/KDPdunnit.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="548" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy90EjrUoStjVIDmkLgMuVnU2iMGz-6pMWz9CQC-VVcmGmaChxygGVc61plLehNwnf_BFV_lhIrX9IGj75jmTGLdj8H_10PPeHFN6HXF6GJbTn8IDAnZKUQqkdX11NCKFg-JxDW6765bv1/s640/KDPdunnit.JPG" width="640" /> </a></div>
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b </div>
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<br />@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-12302196618059731462018-03-05T04:11:00.001-08:002018-03-13T09:00:52.627-07:00Ah, so that's itAfter a good four months' interval (not that it marks a <i>break</i> – swan-like (<i>cygnesque</i>?) my legs were thrashing about below the surface) I now have something new to show: the <i>Notes</i> for the /ɑ:/ bit of the AR section<br />
<ol>
<li><b>applecart</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion for compound words, because the word is only ever used in the collocation "upset the applecart" and is not necessarily a cart for apples (or, indeed, any kind of cart).</li>
<li><b>archaeopteryx</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have the American English spelling.</li>
<li><b>archangel</b><br />
When "arch-" is used as a prefix (in <u>English</u> - so <i>archvillain, archrival etc.</i> but not <i>archetype</i>), the letters "ch" usually represent /tʃ/. In this case, though, the consonant sound is /k/.</li>
<li><b>archway</b><br />
"Arch", in this case, is not a prefix - if that were the case , one could expect to find statements like *"The M1 is the archway to drive from London to Edinburgh.</li>
<li><b>armchair</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusions of compound words, because it is not a chair <u>for</u> arms - as in, for example, <i>armrest</i>.</li>
<li><b>barbarian</b>, <b>barbaric</b>, <b>barbarism</b> , and <b>barbarous</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also under /eə/, /æ/, and /ə/.</li>
<li><b>cardio-</b><br />
This prefix is used in many medical and physiological terms.</li>
<li><b>cartwheel</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound wordshttps://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2012/11/but-nobody-says-potahto.html because, in its most common (metaphorical) use, it refers to an acrobatic movement that involves neither a <i>cart</i> nor a <i>wheel</i>.</li>
<li><b>compartmentalize</b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not have either <i>compartmental</i> or <i>compartmentalise</i> – though it <i>does</i> have <i>compartmentali<u>z</u>e</i> with an audio sample marked as "British" (not that <i>-ize</i> spellings are necessarily <u>un</u>British [see <a href="https://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2012/11/but-nobody-says-potahto.html">this post</a> for more details]).</li>
<li><b>farthing</b><br />
Students of English for Speakers of Other Languages should note that unlike in other nouns called "-thing" the fricative is voiced.</li>
<li><b>hardball</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because (in British English) it is only used in the collocation "play hardball" (borrowed from American English).</li>
<li><b>hardline</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compounds because it is used metaphorically (to mean "strict").</li>
<li><b>lodestar</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words because the fossil "lode" that appears in it has no current life as a free-standing word.</li>
<li><b>margarine</b> and <b>margarita</b> <br />
The first syllable has this sound. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>marshmallow</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion of compound words because in it the word <i>mallow</i> has no relevance to the sweetmeat.</li>
<li><b>narc</b><br />
An American English usage, not to be confused with <i>nark</i> (who is on the opposite side of the law).</li>
<li><b>parliamentarian</b> and <b>parliamentary</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also /eə/.</li>
<li><b>pockmark</b><br />
This escapes the general exclusion of compounds, as the word "pock" is rarely if ever used as a standalone word. And when it is, it is probably understood as a back-formation from the "compound".</li>
<li><i>[See PS]</i> </li>
<li><b>sarsaparilla</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also /ə/.</li>
<li><b>sidebar</b><br />
This escapes the usual exclusion for "-bar" compounds because of its metaphorical use to mean a separate channel of communication.</li>
<li><b>tartar</b><br />
This sound is in the first syllable. See also under /ə/.</li>
<li><b>Tartare Sauce</b><br />
This sound occurs in both syllables.</li>
<li><b>unparliamentary</b><br />
This sound is in the second syllable. See also under /ə/. </li>
</ol>
<ol>
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<li><b></b><br />
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PS – I initially discounted <i>quark</i> as too specialized, but this thought is quite pleasing. <br />
<ol>
<li value="19a"><b>quark<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;">The </span><i style="font-weight: normal;">Macmillan English Dictionary</i> <span style="font-weight: normal;">lists only the sub-atomic particle, and does not give the alternative pronunciation (with /</span></b><span style="font-weight: bold;">ɔ:/</span>). This may reflect the fact that when James Joyce used it in <i>Finnegan's Wake</i> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark#Etymology">context</a> suggested to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> (namer of quarks) that it should rhyme with the name "Mark". However, apart from a name for a kind of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)">cheese</a>, this word is the only English word with the sound /wɑ:/ <span style="color: red;">represented by the "ar" spelling; in fact, the sound /wɑ:/ represented by any spelling, is not very common </span>(discounting the dialectal twa, a few foreign borrowings such as bwana and suave, <span style="color: red;">and the comic-book conventional representation of an unhappy baby – wah!)</span> (discounting the dialectal <i>twa</i> and a few foreign borrowings such as <i>bwana</i>) . This uniqueness might explain some peoples' (sub-conscious) preference for the alternative pronunciation.</li>
</ol>
<i>Update: 2018.03.13.16:00</i> – Added to PS <span style="color: red;">in red</span>.<br />
<ol>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-64641667297592071242017-10-24T07:00:00.000-07:002018-04-13T13:16:14.462-07:00Triumph of hope over experience<h2>
Tales from the word front</h2>
<br />
A while ago I published <span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"> </span><br />
<h3>
<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Words-Music-Taster-Bob-Knowles-ebook/dp/B0753JYVRZ/"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">Words & Music: a Taster </span></a></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyA1b6W8mgMN-fKvICxNaTY9FDbrjW3WfUSfWHtJCopJYBbDtCy4tQPkfUGv0WC2Bd9kSRpj8M4apROMxgckcmmI8UTgNAeerMtOhaTOn5aG-QInsH9yFipnMVquqQe2NroePr-38kx0_i/s1600/W%2526McoverWIP.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1056" data-original-width="816" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyA1b6W8mgMN-fKvICxNaTY9FDbrjW3WfUSfWHtJCopJYBbDtCy4tQPkfUGv0WC2Bd9kSRpj8M4apROMxgckcmmI8UTgNAeerMtOhaTOn5aG-QInsH9yFipnMVquqQe2NroePr-38kx0_i/s320/W%2526McoverWIP.png" width="247" /></a></div>
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">with the intention of testing the water – seeing if anyone was interested in such a book and inviting comments/reviews. It was met by great waves of apathy (apart from </span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">some welcoming [and welcome] comments in social media).</span></span><br />
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><br /></span></span>
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">I persisted mulishly (in an <i>asinine</i> way?) with the idea, and have now completed two chapters (including much of the <i>Taster</i> </span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">–</span> which may be familiar to some readers). And this is now making its way through the swings and roundabouts of <i>Kindle Direct Publishing</i>:</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">As with the <i>Taster</i>, the <i>"published price</i>" is to all intents and purposes n</span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">ugatory ...</span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><aside></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">(to use a word recently <u>ab</u>used [or at least, used questionably] by Philip Hammond <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-41577065">recently</a> with the meaning "unnecessary" </span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">– he was talking about </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">preparations for a <i>no-deal</i> Brexit</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">. [The guilty misnomer is about 60 seconds into the clip posted on that page.] <br /><br />The word means "having a negligible value" </span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">– the value of a <i>nut</i> (think of <i>nougat</i>). I suppose it could be argued in the chancellor's defence that, in <u>planning</u> terms, preparations for that suicidal frenzy might prove to be <i>pointless</i>, but the actual expense of making the requisite preparations would certainly not be <i>nugatory </i>– far from it. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><a href="http://h41379.www4.hpe.com/openvms/journal/v1/disastertol/css/disastertol_27.htm">Users of the OpenVMS operating system</a>, who resumed business </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">within hours of the Twin Towers being brought down know about the expense of contingency planning and disaster recovery.)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"></aside></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">... as I will </span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">arrange (and publicize) free downloads from time to time.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">But I think I've taken the idea as far as makes sense (perhaps further, given the paucity of feedback I</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle">'ve had on the idea). So I'm resuming the cudgels with sonorants, at least for the combination </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="ebooksProductTitle"><<i>vowel</i>>+<b>r</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>.<br />
<br />
b <br />
<br />
PS I wrote this last week, thinking I was about to push the <i>Submit</i> button. But the "final" checks are going on and on. I hope there‘ll be <i>some</i>thing to show before the weekend<br />
<br />
<i>Update: 2017.10.27.14:55</i> – PPS<br />
<br />
The wheels of Kindle Direct Publishinng are grinding away as I write:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="205" data-original-width="400" height="163" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/h18mYREtXGFd8VHSgDwmrZ0HG8nwnNaXYXs6i4_GRTZU3We0SlSzlfEq3sM9X_gQfWJONA=s400" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">(This was a screengrab at one time, but Blogger has lost it.<br />There‘s a chance I can recover it.... Leave it with me.)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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I'm not sure why there are two of me, but in due course its pages will hit the ...<i>er</i>... fan. </div>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-31821392893199400262017-09-27T05:08:00.001-07:002018-04-13T13:23:23.262-07:00Collections, connections, corrections, and convection: - CUM dancing<h3>
<span id="goog_2042237501">More tales from the word front </span></h3>
Thinking, as I have been, about sonorants, I was more than usually intrigued by a friend's question about words spelt in English either <i>com-</i> or <i>con-</i> (and, I have since realized, two other sonorants come into the same story: <i>coll-</i> and <i>corr-</i>).<br />
<br />
Many such words derive in some way from a Latin word that uses <span style="font-size: x-small;">CUM</span>- as a prefix. But there are various ways that the M develops. In most cases the <span style="font-size: x-small;">CUM</span>- becomes <i>con</i>- but there are others. In this <i>back-of-an-envelope</i> table I give examples of the main ways:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkQdc5avv-2HxXiNLjsxeqw-d98KOdoJ4hN55mHnnTvXGaMb8SFoD93QeZvrA4qkDrVpEZqOBZsDutJ6Nm4mF6sDy7oGvCQ9OKhwQdBURBbQ7q_QCuF_QLWQ0v-1GmWQivIdj6d3PuWtA/s1600/IMG_20170924_190024.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="737" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkQdc5avv-2HxXiNLjsxeqw-d98KOdoJ4hN55mHnnTvXGaMb8SFoD93QeZvrA4qkDrVpEZqOBZsDutJ6Nm4mF6sDy7oGvCQ9OKhwQdBURBbQ7q_QCuF_QLWQ0v-1GmWQivIdj6d3PuWtA/s640/IMG_20170924_190024.jpg" width="552" /></a><br />
<br />
<div style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">The sort of Latin used to produce Romance vernaculars ironed out irregularities (eg "sing": <i>cano canere cecini cantum</i> was hard to learn for speakers of <span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">Latin for Speakers of Other Languages (</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">LSOL – which is after all what we‘re dealing with</span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">)</span>; so those speakers preferred the regular <i>canto cantare cantavi cantatum</i>. Which gives Italian, ‘cantare‘ Sp, Pg, Catalan <i>cantar</i>‘, Fr <i>chanter</i> <i>etc etc</i>.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">As a result, generally, irregular verbs don't fare well in forming vernacular words (apart from learned/technical words like<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>conference</i>). The Italian for CARRY is nothing to do with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>ferre</i>; it's <i>sopportare</i>, <i>portare</i> {Latin}] was easier to handle</span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">; the prefix in that case [I used Italian as an example, because that was my interlocutrix‘s </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">{not sure if that‘s a word; but it <i>is now</i>}</span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> focus] is</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 17.7966px;">sub</i><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">).</span></div>
<div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px; line-height: normal;">
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<div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px; line-height: normal;">
This isn't to say that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>ferre</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>has left no trace in modern Italian; but those traces are not obvious and well hidden. The effective parts of the verb (the ones people learn...<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<autobiographical_note essentiality="0"=><br />
The first time I met the word <i>paradigm</i> it was in a Greek Grammar book: if you learn the standard model (not <i>that</i> one, <span style="font-size: x-small;">SILLY</span>) you can work out any part of a verb on the basis of those four parts.<br />
</autobiographical_note></blockquote>
... to work out all parts of the verb) are<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>fero, ferre, tuli, latum</i>. <span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">(Compare this with 'to love':</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 17.7966px;">amo, amare, amavi, amatum</i><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 17.7966px;">Ferre</i><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">is the most irregular Latin verb I know).</span></div>
<div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px; line-height: normal;">
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Here are examples of words that survive, derived from this irregular verb:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Fero</b> -- apart from scholarly words like<span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;"><a href="http://www.etimo.it/?term=circonferenza&find=Cerca" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">circonferenza</a>, there's</span> <i style="font-size: 17.7966px;">Lucífero</i><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">(="Light-bearer")</span></li>
<li><b>ferre</b> -- Iron was called in Latin (and thence Italian)<span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-size: 17.7966px;"><a href="http://www.etimo.it/?term=ferro&find=Cerca" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">ferro</a> </span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">because it was weight-bearing or just heavy</span></li>
<li><b>tuli</b> - can't find any; as the most irregular form of the most irregular verb, I doubt if it has any derivatives</li>
<li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;"><b>latum</b> --</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 17.7966px;">lato</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;">, meaning broad/wide/extensive, and words derived from that, eg</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;"> </span><i style="font-size: 17.7966px;">latifondo</i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
(I‘m not sure about this last one. This, from <i>Etymonline, sv flat</i> suggests another possible derivation for <i>lato</i>:
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: #ddd9ca; font-family: Georgia, Garamond, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0.5em;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<br />
<a href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=flat&allowed_in_frame=0" style="color: #800020; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;">flat (adj.)</a>c. 1300, "stretched out (on a surface), prostrate, lying the whole length on the ground;" mid-14c., "level, all in one plane; even, smooth;" of a roof, "low-pitched," from Old Norse <span class="foreign" style="font-style: italic;">flatr</span> "flat," from Proto-Germanic <span class="foreign" style="font-style: italic;">*flata-</span> (source also of Old Saxon <span class="foreign" style="font-style: italic;">flat</span> "flat, shallow," Old High German <span class="foreign" style="font-style: italic;">flaz</span> "flat, level," Old High German <span class="foreign" style="font-style: italic;">flezzi</span> "floor"), from PIE root <a class="crossreference" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=*plat-&allowed_in_frame=0" style="color: #800020; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: none;">*plat-</a> "to spread."
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
And this <a href="http://www.etimo.it/?cmd=id&id=9658&md=9b8cfb89e1bc420fa9a282186254667a">Italian source</a> suggests yet another. I should have paid more attention in my <i>History of Italian</i> lectures.)<br />
<br />
<div>
The way <i>con|m</i>- words works reminds me of the way <i>im-|n</i>- words work -
<br />
<ul>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;">i<u>mp</u>ossible, i<u>mm</u>oral, i<u>mb</u>ibe (<span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">combat</span>, commemorative, <span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">compact</span><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">)</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>but</b></span></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;"><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">i</span><u style="font-size: 17.7966px;">nf</u><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">ant, i</span><u style="font-size: 17.7966px;">nv</u><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">ective (conference, convection)<br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>but</b></span><br /> </span></li>
<li style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17.7966px;"><span style="font-size: 17.7966px;">i<u style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">ll</u><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">egible</span>, i<u style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">rr</u><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;">everent (collect, correct).</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<br />
But whereas<i> in</i>- is what linguists call "a <i>productive</i> affix" (one used by current speakers, throwing up phonological changes <i>on-the-fly</i> as they form negatives – and, incidentally, with attendant problems for speakers of ESOL – particularly speakers of languages with different rules, such as the Spanish <i>i<b>n</b>moral</i>), the changes thrown up by Latin <span style="font-size: x-small;">CUM</span>- are lost in the etymological mists – of current interest only for people who want to get the distribution of <b>m</b>s right in <i>commemorative</i>. (In fact, when a newer source [not Latin, as is the case with, say, <i>condescension</i>] is involved in adding the prefix, these rules don't apply: <i>co-dependant</i>. not <span style="color: red;"><i>*condependant</i></span>)<br />
<br />
There are things to be doing though.<br />
<br />
b@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-72249687246755846512017-04-29T06:54:00.000-07:002017-04-29T07:15:47.351-07:00From millstone to milestone<i>Purdah</i> has been in the (UK) news of late; it's the fig-leaf of convention that the Tories are hiding their shame with (the shame of <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39692500">defying the law</a> and letting UK citizens die a slow and painful death until May is good and ready).<br />
<br />
But a rather less heinous sort of <i>purdah</i> has just released this blog. Longer ago than I care to think, I wrote that I'd suspend this blog until I'd published something. Well, here it is then:<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXN2BRi6ySMBRoE82F8xYu_yOCW80OUwbejUzMIh1rVHAkcrPvSzskFbH9iICMmwx-IPDrfiJQr_4k-Pp2ltkQLTBHQRRCfhfiMpUwvnbit0IYC8YgE2WLkpdchoNVXMMkRWbkUloLVSUR/s1600/WVGT2Congrats.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXN2BRi6ySMBRoE82F8xYu_yOCW80OUwbejUzMIh1rVHAkcrPvSzskFbH9iICMmwx-IPDrfiJQr_4k-Pp2ltkQLTBHQRRCfhfiMpUwvnbit0IYC8YgE2WLkpdchoNVXMMkRWbkUloLVSUR/s640/WVGT2Congrats.png" width="640" /></a>But it's very slow going, and I'm not convinced the effort's worth it; there are other things (<i>real</i> writing, not this square-bashing) that I'd like to be getting on with. The only creative text here is the <i>Intro</i> and the <i>Notes</i> (which are much longer here than in the first book).<br />
<br />
This section (AL-UL) is not freely downloadable yet – <i>Kindle Direct Publishing</i> can't hack the idea of starting free and rising to a minimum price afterwards, so wait until after the <i>Bank Holiday</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (non-UK readers may need this explaining: it's an old UK custom that involves everything in the economy grinding to a halt, except for minimum-wage retail, leisure, and entertainments workers. According to some Labour Party thinkers, the institution of new Bank Holidays is the main plank of an economic <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39682388">policy</a> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">– well, it worked for that Latin chappy: <i>panem et circenses</i> [="</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">bread and roundabouts"]</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> – a reference to the electoral importance of food and traffic-calming</span>)</span>.<br />
<br />
b<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-73354594161644218632016-10-18T06:16:00.000-07:002016-10-18T06:16:40.002-07:00AL: /æ/<div id="sigil_toc_id_12">
A bigger tranche this time, but <i>Blogger</i> does unhelpful things with the notes. I could probably fix this, but my time would be better spent on the book itself, so you'll have to imagine the links working. :-) </div>
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_12">
The sound /æ/ – 16%</h3>
<div>
There are two sounds here: /æl/ and /æ/. Notes indicate the much rarer /æ/.<br />
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellspacing="0">
<colgroup width="67""></colgroup>
<colgroup width="66"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="130"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="62"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="150"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="74"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="89"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="65"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="110"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="15"></colgroup>
<colgroup width="72"></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/abnormality">abnormality</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/altimeter">altimeter</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calumny">calumny</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/revalue">revalue</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alabaster">alabaster</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alto">alto</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Calvinism">Calvinism</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/incalculable">incalculable</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/prima-ballerina">prima ballerina</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/albatross">albatross</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/altruism">altruism</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/canal">canal</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/infallible">infallible</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salad">salad</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Albion">Albion</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/altruist">altruist</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/chalet">chalet</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/invaluable">invaluable</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salamander">salamander</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/album">album</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/altruistic">altruistic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/chalice">chalice</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/jalapeno">jalapeño</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salaried">salaried</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/albumen">albumen</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alveolar">alveolar</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/challenge">challenge</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/keypal">keypal</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salary">salary</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/albumin">albumin</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/amalgam">amalgam</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/cleft-palate">cleft palate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/low-calorie">low-calorie</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salaryman">salaryman</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alchemist">alchemist</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/amalgamate">amalgamate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/contralto">contralto</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/maladjustment">maladjustment</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="13" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n13"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>13</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/sallow">sallow</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alchemy">alchemy</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/amalgamation">amalgamation</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/corps-de-ballet">corps de ballet</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/malfeasance">malfeasance</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="14" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n14"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>14</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salmon">salmon</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="23" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n23"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>23</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alcohol">alcohol</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/analogy">analogy</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/counterbalance">counterbalance</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="6" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n06"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>6</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/malapropism">malapropism</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="15" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n15"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>15</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salmonella">salmonella</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="23" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n23"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>23</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alcoholic">alcoholic</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/analysis">analysis</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/cruising-altitude">cruising altitude</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/malcontent">malcontent</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="16" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n16"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>16</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salon">salon</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alcoholism">alcoholism</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/animalcule">animalcule</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Dalai-Lama">Dalai Lama</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="7" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n07"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>7</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mall">mall</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="17" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n17"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>17</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salsa">salsa</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alcopop">alcopop</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/asphalt">asphalt</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Dalit">Dalit</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mallam">mallam</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salutary">salutary</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alfalfa">alfalfa</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/balaclava">balaclava</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/dalliances">dalliances</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mallard">mallard</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salutation">salutation</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alfresco">alfresco</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/balalaika">balalaika</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="4" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n04"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>4</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/dally">dally</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/malleable">malleable</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salvage">salvage</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/algae">algae</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/balance">balance</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Dalmatian">Dalmatian</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mallet">mallet</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salvation">salvation</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/algal">algal</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="1" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n01"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>1</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ballad">ballad</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/decal">decal</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mallow">mallow</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salve">salve</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/algebra">algebra</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ballast">ballast</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/evaluate">evaluate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mallrat">mallrat</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="18" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n18"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>18</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salver">salver</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/algebraic">algebraic</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ballerina">ballerina</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fallacy">fallacy</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/malodorous">malodorous</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="19" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n19"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>19</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salvo">salvo</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alibi">alibi</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ballet">ballet</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fallible">fallible</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/malware">malware</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="19" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n2"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>20</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="20" valign="top"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/salwar">salwar</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alimony">alimony</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ballot">ballot</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fallopian-tubes">fallopian tubes</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/marshmallow">marshmallow</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/shall">shall</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="24" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n24"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>24</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="21"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alkali">alkali</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="1" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n01" style="font-size: x-small;"><sup>1</sup></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ballyhoo">ballyhoo</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fallow">fallow</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/medallion">medallion</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/shallow">shallow</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alkaline">alkaline</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/balustrade">balustrade</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fallow-deer">fallow deer</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/metallic">metallic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/shallows">shallows</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="25" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n25"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>25</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alkaloid">alkaloid</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/batallion">batallion</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/metallurgist">metallurgist</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/shalom">shalom</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="26" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n26"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>26</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allegation">allegation</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/beauty-salon">beauty salon</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gal">gal</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/mineralogy">mineralogy</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/shalt">shalt</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="27" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n27"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>27</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allegory">allegory</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/bi-metallic-strip">bi-metallic strip</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallant">gallant</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="8" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n08"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>8</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/miscalculate">miscalculate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/shilly-shally">shilly-shally</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Allen-key">Allen key</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/bivalve">bivalve</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallantry">gallantry</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/neuralgia">neuralgia</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/stalactite">stalactite</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alleluia">alleluia</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/cabal">cabal</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/galleon">galleon</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/neuralgic">neuralgic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/stalagmite">stalagmite</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allergen">allergen</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calabrese">calabrese</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallery">gallery</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/non-alcoholic">non-alcoholic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/stallion">stallion</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allergenic">allergenic</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calamine-lotion">calamine lotion</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Gallic">Gallic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/nostalgia">nostalgia</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/tala">tala</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="28" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n28"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>28</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allergy">allergy</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calcify">calcify</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallivant">gallivant</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/nostalgic">nostalgic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/talc">talc</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alley">alley</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calcium">calcium</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallon">gallon</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ophthalmic">ophthalmic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/talent">talent</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allied">allied</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="19" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n02"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>2</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calculable">calculable</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallop">gallop</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ophthalmologist">ophthalmologist</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/talented">talented</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alligator">alligator</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calculate">calculate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallops">gallops</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/overvalue">overvalue</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/tallow">tallow</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/ally">ally</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calculator">calculator</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/galloping">galloping</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palace">palace</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/talon">talon</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allocate">allocate</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calculus">calculus</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/gallows">gallows</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Palestinian">Palestinian</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/unbalanced">unbalanced</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allomorph">allomorph</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Caledonian">Caledonian</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/galvanic">galvanic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/pallet">pallet</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/unchallengeable">unchallengeable</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allomorphic">allomorphic</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calendar">calendar</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/galvanise">galvani[s|z]e</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/pallette">pallette</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/unchallenged">unchallenged</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allophone">allophone</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/caliber">calib[er|re]</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/galvanis/zed">galvani[s|z]ed</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palliate">palliate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/undervalue">undervalue</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/allophonic">allophonic</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calibrate">calibrate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/genealogist">genealogist</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="9" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n09"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>9</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palliative">palliative</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/unpalatable">unpalatable</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alloy">alloy</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="3" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calico">calico</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/genealogy">genealogy</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="9" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n09"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>9</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/pallid">pallid</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valance">valance</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/aloe">aloe</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/caliphate">caliphate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Gestalt">Gestalt</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/pallor">pallor</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valediction">valediction</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alopecia">alopecia</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/callipers">callipers</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/halberd">halberd</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palomino">palomino</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valedictory">valedictory</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alpaca">alpaca</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/callisthenics">callisthenics</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/halcyon">halcyon</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palpable">palpable</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valentine">valentine</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alphabet">alphabet</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/callous">callous</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hallelujah">hallelujah</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palpate">palpate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valet">valet</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alphabetic">alphabetic</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calloused">calloused</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hallo">hallo</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palpitate">palpitate</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valour">valo[u]r</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alphabetise">alphabeti[s|z]e</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/callow">callow</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hallowed">hallowed</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="9" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n10"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>10</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palpitations">palpitations</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="9" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n21"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>21</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valuable">valuable</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Calor-Gas">Calor Gas</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Halloween">Halloween</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/phalanx">phalanx</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="22" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n22"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>22</sup></span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valuable">valuables</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="25" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n25"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><sup>25</sup></span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alpine">alpine</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calorie">calorie</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/hallucinogen">hallucinogen</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="11" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n11"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">11</span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/phallic">phallic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valuation">valuation</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Alsatian">Alsatian</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calorific">calorific</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="5" valign="top"><br /></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/halogen">halogen</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/phallus">phallus</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/value">value</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/altimeter">altimeter</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calorimeter">calorimeter</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/halogenic">halogenic</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/rally">rally</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valuer">valuer</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" height="20"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/altitude">altitude</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calque">calque</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="5" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n05"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">5</span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/heraldic">heraldic</a></td>
<td align="left" sdnum="1033;" sdval="12" valign="top"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=296822450972367505#AL_ash_n12"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">12</span></a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/recalcitrant">recalcitrant</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/valve">valve</a></td>
<td align="left"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<!-- ************************************************************************** -->
<br />
<h3 id="sigil_toc_id_13">
/æ/ Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><!-- no 1 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n01">algal</a>,</b> and <b>alkali</b><br />
The stressed (first) syllable has this vowel. See also under AL: /ə/.</li>
<li><!-- no 2 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n02">allied</a></b><br />
This is the adjective (as in, for example, "allied troops"). When used as a past participle this word has the same stress (and the same unstressed vowel) as the verb "ally" – see under AL: /ə/.</li>
<li><!-- no 3 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n03">alloy</a></b><br />
This is the noun. The same letters appear in words such as "unalloyed", which has an unstressed second syllable – see AL: /ə/.</li>
<li><!-- no 4 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n04">balalaika</a></b><br />
. The first syllable has this vowel; the "al" in the second syllable is unstressed – /ə/.</li>
<li><!-- no 5 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n05">calque</a></b>This is not in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>, but it <i>is</i> in the<i> </i><i>Macmillan Dictionary Online</i>. It is unlikely that an ESOL student would meet it, but it could arise in discussions of language</li>
<li><!-- no 6 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n06">counterbalance</a></b><br />
This is the sole representative of compound words formed with "balance". There are no separate entries either for idiomatic phrases (such as "balance of power" and "checks and balances").</li>
<li><!-- no 7 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n07">Dalai Lama</a></b><br />
Transcribed thus in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> but in the audio sample the sound is /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><!-- no 8 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n08">gallant</a></b><br />
This is the adjective, with stress on the first syllable. In the noun, the first syllable is unstressed – see AL: /ə/.</li>
<li><!-- no 9 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n09">genealogy</a></b><br />
Perhaps because of the popularity of genealogy on the Internet, the American English pronunciation (which <i>Cambridge Dictionary of American English</i> gives as having either /æl/ or /ɑl/) is often misheard, misreported, and then mistakenly learnt as /ɒ/ and misspelt as "gene<b>o</b>logy". As this is the only "-alogy" in English, it is possible that the erosion will continue , and that in 22nd-century English the <b>a</b> spelling will seem as old-fashioned as – for example – "sh<u>e</u>w" does today.</li>
<li><!-- no 10 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n10">hallowed</a></b><br />
The noun and the verb have limited (largely literary and/or poetic) use, but the past participle formed from the verb is still used in idioms such as ‘hallowed ground" or the hyperbolic – mock-reverential – "hallowed turf" in certain sports venues.</li>
<li><!-- no 11 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n11">hallucinogen</a></b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this word the vowel sound /æ/, but the audio sample has /ə/ (like "hallucinate" and other derivatives, which <i>are</i> transcribed that way.</li>
<li><!-- no 12 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n12">heraldic</a></b><br />
It is not clear why the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not include this word. Many others (for example, the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>) <i>do</i>.</li>
<li><!-- no 13 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n13">maladjustment</a></b><br />
This is the sole representative of the many words that use the prefix "mal-" – with certain exceptions. These exceptions are generally cases where the remaining word, after the "mal-" is removed, is not a recognizable word in its own right.</li>
<li><!-- no 14 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n14">malfeasance</a></b><br />
This is included because the word "feasance", while it exists, is archaic and used chiefly in a legal context.</li>
<li><!-- no 15 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n15">malapropism</a></b><br />
This is included because the word "apropism" doesn‘t exist (except, perhaps, in a jocular context).</li>
<li><!-- no 16 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n16">malcontent</a></b><br />
This is included because, although the word "content" is recognizably etymologically relevant, the word is normally not a noun – not, that is, when stress is on the second syllable – (except in the British <i>House of Lords</i>, where it refers metonymically to the votes of people in favour of a motion, or to the voters themselves).</li>
<li><!-- no 17 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n17">mall</a></b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives a total of four transcriptions, two marked as "British English" and two marked as "American English". The two "British English" ones are /æ/ and /ɔ:/, but they both have the audio example /æ/. However, the one marked /ɔ:/ uses /æ/ in the context "shopping mall" – a context that tends to attract one of the American pronunciations (/ɔ/ – typically realized by speakers of British English as /ɔ:/).</li>
<li><!-- no 18 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n18">mallrat</a></b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives a "British English" pronunciation with /æ/. But as the word is American slang this pronunciation seems to be questionable. Certainly I have never heard it.</li>
<li><!-- no 19 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n19">malodorous</a></b><br />
The word "odorous" is not simply "giving off a smell", with a prefix indicating whether that smell is good or bad. (Similarly, "smelly" has an automatically negative connotation.)</li>
<li><!-- no 20 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n20">malware</a></b><br />
The "mal-" refers to the effect of the "-ware" rather than to its quality.</li>
<li><!-- no 21 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n21">palpitations</a></b><br />
Note the plural. The singular also exists, but the plural refers to a specific (though often ill- defined) physical condition.</li>
<li><!-- no 22 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n22">phalanx</a></b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription is thus for British English, and gives /eɪ/ as American English – although the /eɪ/ pronunciation is common in the UK. In fact, the /æ/ seems to be common enough in the US for the /eɪ/ transcription to be linked to an American voice using /æ/.</li>
<li><!-- no 23 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n23">salmon</a></b> and <b>salmonella</b><br />
Note that in "salmon" the <b>l</b> is silent, whereas in "salmonella" it is not.</li>
<li><!-- no 24 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n24">shall</a></b><br />
In most other cases of words that end "-all" - "ball", "call", "fall", "gall", "hall" ... – the pronunciation is /ɔ:/. Philologists are generally not surprised to find exceptional pronunciations in words that are dying out: the frequency graph at <a href="https://www.blogger.com/%20http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shall">the Collins Dictionary entry</a> for evidence of this decline. (The usage graph may take a few seconds to load, and by default it shows usage in the ten years to 2008; Use the drop-down menu to select 100 years [or 300 years for the whole story – with an explosion in the late 18th century followed by a steady decline in the 19th and 20th centuries].)</li>
<li><!-- no 25 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n25">shallows</a></b> and <b>valuables</b><br />
This is a noun. Note the plural ending.</li>
<li><!-- no 26 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n26">shalom</a></b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio clip has /ə/. Moreover, especially when sung, the vowel is commonly heard with the long vowel /ɑ:/.</li>
<li><!-- no 27 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n27">shalt</a></b><br />
This is archaic; it is the second person singular of the verb "shall", but is still used in Biblical (and pseudo-Biblical) quotations – particularly in the form "Thou shalt not...".</li>
<li><!-- no 28 -->
<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="AL_ash_n28">tala</a></b><br />
Indian English musical term, used also by Westerners in the UK referring to Indian music.</li>
</ol>
<br />
That's all for now. I'll be keeping my head down until I can put something out on Kindle.<br />
<br />
b@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-16903573356923735642016-10-05T13:17:00.000-07:002016-10-06T14:44:31.762-07:00sonorants - further RefLectioN<div>
This is some introductory stuff you <i>may</i> already have seen, expanded.<br />
<br />
The UCL's SAMPA page (SAMPA being a typewriter-friendly* form of phonetic transcription, in which "N" – for example – represents the IPA symbol /ŋ/ [the nasal consonant at the end of <i>sing</i>] ) defines <i>sonorant consonants </i>like this:</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">The sonorants are three nasals</span> <code>m n N</code>,<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">two liquids</span></span> <code>r l</code><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">, and two sonorant glides</span> <code>w j</code></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
<code><i>[BK: note that <b>j</b> is the glide often represented in English as "y", as in <b>you</b>].</i></code></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">UCL's <a href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/english.htm">SAMPA page</a> </span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;">
<br /></div>
*<span style="font-size: x-small;">The web-site says '<i>computer</i>-friendly' rather than <i>typewriter-friendly</i>, but surely in the 21st century there is not a computer – outside a museum, that is – that can't handle Unicode.</span><br />
<br />
This grouping (of the sonorants) may at first sight seem rather arbitrary, but a quirk of English demonstrates their inter-relatedness. Consider words that can be given a negative <i>spin </i>by attaching the prefix <i>in- – </i><i>elegant<b>/in</b>elegant</i>, for example. Students of ESOL know that there are several exceptions – for words with an initial <b>l</b> or <b>m</b> or<b> r</b>: <i> <b>il</b>licit, <b>im</b>moral, <b>ir</b>respective..onn the oy jer jand. </i>These exception-creating letters are nearly always sonorants (though admittedly the <i>im-</i> one applies also to bilabials, as in <i><b>im</b>precise</i> and<b> </b><i><b>im</b>becile</i>.... <span style="color: blue;">But those non-sonorant exceptions don't behave in the same way. The sonorants simply double themselves, with the first of the pair <u>replacing</u> the <b>n</b> of the prefix; in the case of words with an initial <b>p</b> or <b>b, </b>on the other hand, the <b>n</b> of the prefix assimilates to the bilabial that follows it – it would be hard not to [just try saying "i<b>n</b>precise"!] That <b>n</b> is not <i>replaced</i>, it is simply modified.</span>)<br />
<br />
An example from another language relates to Japanese speakers' problem with the English phonemes /r/ and /l/ . Both [r] and [l] <i>sounds </i>do exist in Japanese, but as context-dependent variants (<i>allophones</i>) of a single phoneme. (If the idea of <i>allophones </i>is new to you, consider the English words <i>leek </i>and <i>keel</i>. In the first, the [l] sound is formed toward the front of the mouth [the so-called "clear l"] and the [k] is formed at the back of the hard palate. In the second, the [k] sound is formed toward the front of the mouth, and the [l] is formed at the back [the so-called "dark l"]. In both cases the distinct [l]s and [k]s are allophones of the /l/ and /k/ phonemes.)<br />
<br />
Returning to English, consider what sort of letter can go in these contexts:
<br />
<ul>
<li>
"<i><vowel></i>__<i><affricate></i>" (an affricate being – in English [other languages have many more] – /tʃ/ or /ʤ/); for example <i>fi<u>l</u>ch, bi<u>l</u>ge, lu<u>n</u>ch, lu<u>n</u>ge, pe<u>r</u>ch, pu<u>r</u>ge</i> [in these cases, in non-rhotic accents, the <b>r</b> disappears but changes the preceding vowel, as some other sonorants do]....
</li>
<li>
"<i><vowel></i>__<i><fricative></i>" (fricatives including – in English [other languages have many more] – /s/, /z/, /f/, /v/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /θ/, and /ð/); for example <i>e<u>l</u>se</i>, <i>be<u>ll</u>s</i>, <i>she<u>l</u>f</i>, <i>she<u>l</u>ves</i>, <i>we<u>l</u>sh</i>, [<i>be<u>l</u>ge</i> – native English words don't have this pattern], <i>ti<u>l</u>th</i>, <i>...</i>.
</li>
<li>
"<i><stop></i>__<i><vowel></i>" (where the English stops are /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/); for example <i>p<u>l</u>ead, b<u>l</u>eed, p<u>r</u>e, B<u>r</u>ie. lu<u>n</u>ch, lu<u>n</u>ge</i>. (The nasals don't work in this pattern.)
</li>
<li>
"<i><unvoiced_fricative></i>__<i><vowel></i>"; for example <i>s<u>l</u>ow, s<u>n</u>ow, f<u>l</u>ee, f<u>r</u>ee, ath<u>l</u>ete, th<u>r</u>ee</i>. (The voiced fricatives don't work in this pattern – except in borrowings [such as <i>zloty</i>] and proper names [Hazlitt, Oslo, Wesley...]. And <b>n</b> works only before <b>s</b>; while even <b>s</b> can't be followed by <b>r</b> – except in colloquial contractions such as "s'right"<span style="color: red;"> and the borrowed "Sri"</span>.)
</li>
</ul>
All these examples demonstrate, how there is <i>some</i>thing special about sonorants. This book sets out to show how that <i>something special</i> affects the way vowels behave in conjunction with them.<br />
<br />
<i>Update: 2016.10.06.12:45</i> <i>– </i>Added afterthought <span style="color: red;">in red</span> (prompted by this morning's In Our Time <i>– coincidence?</i>)<br />
<br />
<i>Update: 2016.10.06.22:45</i> <i>– </i>Added a further afterthought <span style="color: blue;">in blue</span>.@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-58807597915904994592016-09-30T10:38:00.000-07:002016-10-04T03:50:52.952-07:00A taster (one of the less frequent AL sounds)I haven't yet reached the Promised Land (the 'then a miracle happens' moment mentioned <a href="http://moreharmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2016/08/taking-stock.html">here</a>, but here's an <i>amuse-bouche</i> (with the links unchecked, but <i>often</i> working). I've lumped together /a::l/ and /a:/.<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellspacing="0">
<colgroup width="80">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="46">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="47">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="42">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="108">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="45">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="53">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="46">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="58">
</colgroup>
<colgroup width="35">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/almond">almond</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">1</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calm">calm</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half">half</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/impala">impala</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/napalm">napalm</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/almoner">almoner</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">2</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calve">calve</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-and-half">half-and-half</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">10</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palm">palm</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/alms">alms</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">3</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/chorale">chorale</a></td>
<td align="right"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-baked">half-baked</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">7</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/lala">lala</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palm-oil">palm
oil</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/aloo">aloo</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">4</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/dhal">dhal</a></td>
<td align="right"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-breed">half-breed</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">7</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/lip-balm">lip
balm</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/palmist">palmist</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/balm">balm</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/Dalek">Dalek</a></td>
<td align="right"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-caste">half-caste</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">7</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/locale">locale</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/psalm">psalm</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/balmy">balmy</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/embalm">embalm</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-cock">half-cock</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">7</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/marsala">marsala</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">11</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/qualms">qualms</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">12</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/behalf">behalf</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/finale">finale</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-timbered">half-timbered</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">8</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/masala">masala</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/rationale">rationale</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/calf">calf</a></td>
<td align="right" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/fly-half">fly
half</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">5</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/half-truth">half-truth</a></td>
<td align="left" valign="top"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">9</span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/morale">morale</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
<td align="left"><a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/slalom">slalom</a></td>
<td align="left"><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
<!-- ************************************************************************** -->
Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li><b>almond</b><br />
<i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcribes "almond" with this long vowel and no /l/, but many other pronunciations are current among native-speakers of British English. I have heard /ɑ:l/, /ɔ:l/, /æl/ and /ɒl/. Some of these are reported in <i>Cambridge Dictionaries Online</i> and identified as "American". </li>
<li><b> almoner </b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not include "almoner", but other dictionaries (for example, <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>) do.
In this and many other "-al-" words the letters "al" represent the phoneme /ɑ:/; there is no /l/. </li>
<li><b> alms </b><br />
Note the plural ending. </li>
<li><b>aloo </b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives "aloo" this long vowel, but with primary stress on the second syllable, suggesting an /ə/ pronunciation in the first. Other pronunciations are common (as is normal with foreign borrowings). </li>
<li><b>fly-half </b><br />
In this expression (a position in a game of rugby) there is no clear (immediate) sense of "divided by two". </li>
<li><b>gala </b><br />
Used in compounds, probably the most successful being "swimming gala". In many northern dialects the stressed vowel is pronounced /eɪ/. (This pronunciation is identified in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> as "American", although it is common in many British English dialects.) </li>
<li><b>half-baked</b>, <b>half-breed</b> and <b>half-caste</b><br />
In these and many other words that use the qualifier "half" "half"-ness does not have a direct and/or obvious association with the word that follows "half-". </li>
<li><b>half-timbered </b><br />
In this sort of building, some of the structural timbers (not necessarily half) have a cosmetic function. </li>
<li><b>half-truth </b><br />
In this sort of misleading statement much of what is asserted is true (often – though not necessarily – <i>more</i> than half). </li>
<li><b>Kabbalah </b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcribes this word with the long /ɑ:/ vowel, but the audio sample has a clear /æ/. Both pronunciations are common. </li>
<li><b>marsala </b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not include this word but other dictionaries (for example, <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>) do. </li>
<li><b> qualms </b><br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this in the plural. The plural is indeed more common; the <i>British National Corpus</i> contains 141 instances of the plural and only 30 of the singular, and in the <i>Corpus Of Contemporary American</i> (a much bigger corpus) the preference is even stronger (705:71). But the singular <i>is</i> used - most commonly after a negative, as in the idiom "without a qualm". </li>
</ol>
<i>Update: 2016.10.04.11:50</i> – Fixed two links. (One of these fixes really deserves a new note – <i>TBD</i>. <span style="font-size: x-small;">[And whether <i>D</i> stands for <i>Discussed </i>or <i>Done </i>is a matter for my conscience. :-)]</span>)<br />
<ol>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-33170759643895774052016-09-21T09:01:00.001-07:002018-07-27T02:54:17.184-07:00Sigil-ism<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: large;">Sigil produces .epub output...........1<br />I've <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">begun</span> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">mov</span>ing stuff to Sigil......2</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: large;"><br />WVGTbk<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> </span>will be a/v as an .epub </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: xx-small;">(sometime)</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">...3</span></span> </span></blockquote>
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At last I can put it off no longer and am broaching Sigil (and Linux). Linux has opened up for me the wonderful world of <i>syntax colouring</i>, which lets me do stuff like this:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnZk-_3sajFO3lqQat9R1NqRqTLDf1_jGQnY7uK7See8EXD3KgY7MjtG44NBRO-zBnXchtvk9a-TxyTxDo3TBqahCy_MFMLVl31LBQzxWcQ5lNNkHpWq4guRrq8X9biRJqc1sLpKyR11S/s1600/syntaxColour.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnZk-_3sajFO3lqQat9R1NqRqTLDf1_jGQnY7uK7See8EXD3KgY7MjtG44NBRO-zBnXchtvk9a-TxyTxDo3TBqahCy_MFMLVl31LBQzxWcQ5lNNkHpWq4guRrq8X9biRJqc1sLpKyR11S/s640/syntaxColour.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />
And it doesn't just <i>look</i> pretty, it warns you when you make a syntax error (a guaranteed concomitant of coding of any sort).<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, here's the latest (I'm not posting them all as I go along, just a select few):<br />
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
OL Representing /əʊ/ Notes </h3>
<ol>
<li><b>acrolect
</b> <br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio sample has the vowel sound /ə/. </li>
<!-- 2 -->
<li><b>ahold</b><br />
This word is on the CD supplied with the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>, with audio samples identified as British and American. But the entry in <i>Macmillan English Dictionary Online</i> has a URL that specifies that it is "American". It is heard in the UK, but widely regarded as very informal.</li>
<!-- 3 -->
<li> <b>bankroll
</b> <br />
This is the sole representative of the many compound nouns formed by the addition of <i>-roll</i>. In this case adding another noun has produced a new verb too: to <i>bankroll</i> something is to make its development possible by making funds available.
</li>
<!-- 4 -->
<li> <b> below-the-fold
</b> <br />
link to el- ɪ note<span style="color: red;"> (note already done for the <i>*el*</i> in the first syllable, commenting on irony of the Macmillan <a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/below-the-fold">definition</a> – unless of course it refers prophetically to folding <i>screens</i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">[and <i>cp flash-in-the-pan, hang up</i> {a telephone}, etc: metaphors outlasting the technology they refer to].) </span></span></li>
<!-- 5 -->
<li> <b> boll
</b> <br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio sample has the vowel sound /ɒ/ (sharing the vowel sound with <i>atoll, doll, folly, jolly, knoll, moll, poll,</i> and <i>toll[bridge|booth]</i> (but not <i>toll</i> itself) . See also note 16.
</li>
<!-- 6 -->
<li> <b> ecolabel
</b> <br />
This is the sole representative of the many words (and neologisms) that use the prefix <i>eco-</i>.
</li>
<!-- 7 -->
<li> <b> folk</b> (and its derivatives), <b>holm-oak</b>, and <b>yolk</b><br />
These words could be in a section of their own, as they have no /l/ sound.
</li>
<!-- 8 -->
<li> <b> gasholder </b> <br />
This is the sole representative of the many words that use <i>hold</i> to make a compound word when the string <i>-hold</i> has a clear <i>containing</i> sense. This does not apply to some <i>-hold</i> words – for example <i>freehold</i>.
</li>
<!-- 9 -->
<li> <b> gentlefolk </b> <br />
This is the sole representative of the many compound nouns formed with <i>-folk</i>.
</li>
<!-- 10 --->
<li> <b> goldfinch </b> <br />
As the gold in this compound is metaphorical it escapes the exclusion given in note 9.
</li>
<!-- 11 -->
<li> <b> goldmine </b><br />
This is the sole representative of compound words constructed with the prefix <i>gold-</i>.
</li>
<!-- 12 -->
<li> <b>mold</b> (and its derivatives), <b>molt</b>, and <b>smolder
</b> <br />
These words are American English variants of words that – by dint of the general exclusion of words with double vowels, such as <i>moulder </i>and <i>smoulder </i>– are not included here.</li>
<!-- 13 -->
<li> <b>monolingual
</b> <br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio sample has the vowel sound /ə/. </li>
<!-- 143 -->
<li> <b> oleander
</b> <br />
The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio sample has the vowel sound /ɑ/. </li>
<!-- 15 -->
<li> <b> polarity
</b> <br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio sample has the vowel sound /ə/.
</li>
<!-- 16 -->
<li> <b> poll
</b> <br />
This is unlike many other <i>-oll</i> words, which have the vowel sound /ɒ/. In the fairly uncommon usage that refers to a truncated part, some speakers always prefer /ɒ/.
</li>
<!-- 17 -->
<li> <b> profiterole
</b> <br />
Students of ESOL should note that neither of the <i>e</i>s in this word is a <i>Magic E</i>. The first represents a new syllable (in a four-syllable word), leaving the second vowel as /ɪ/, and some speakers pronounce the second <i>o</i> with a sound more like the French [ɔ] or at least the British English /ɒ/.
</li>
<!-- 18 -->
<li> <b> prolapse
</b> <br />
The vowel sound in the prefix – unlike words such as <i>collapse</i> – is not normally reduced to /ə/.
</li>
<!-- 19 -->
<li> <b> proletarian
</b> <br />
As in the case of <i>profiterole</i> (see note 17) the <i>e</i> in this word is not a <i>magic E</i>; the word has five syllables.
</li>
<!-- 20 -->
<li> <b> small-holder</b> and <b>small-holding
</b> <br />
These two escape the exclusion given in note 8 because what is held is not (except comparatively) small, and in any case the object of comparison – a farm – is not expressed.
</li>
<!-- 21 -->
<li> <b> stronghold
</b> <br />
This escapes the exclusion given in note 9 because the object of the holding (typically a building) is not specified; what is held is a position of strength.
</li>
<!-- 22 -->
<li> <b> threefold
</b> <br />
This is the sole representative of compound words constructed with the suffix <i>-fold</i>.
</li>
<!-- 23 -->
<li> <b> tollgate
</b> <br />
This is the sole representative of compound words constructed with the prefix <i>toll-</i>.
</li>
<!-- 24 -->
<li> <b> townsfolk
</b> <br />
This escapes the exclusion made in note 9 because – unlike <i>menfolk</i> and <i>youngfolk</i> – the suffix <i>-folk</i> is not simply added to the defining noun/adjective.
</li>
<!-- 25 -->
<li> <b> troll
</b> <br />
Also heard with /ɒ/. Both pronunciations are both common and acceptable.
</li>
<!-- 26 -->
<li> <b> wholly
</b> <br />
Compare <i>sole/solely</i> (both in the <i>Magic E</i> section).
</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-59905240820774997862016-09-12T06:51:00.000-07:002016-09-12T06:53:03.719-07:00/ɔ:l/ together againI don't plan to re-post everything here as I do my second pass, but this is a case of significant rewriting/correction/addition. So [and in that case the word <i>does</i> have a meaning] here are the /ɔ:/ and /ɔ:l/ notes.<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><b>all-conquering</b><br /> This is the sole representative of the many adjectives that use the prefix "all" (for example "all-knowing", "all-powerful"...).
</li>
<li><b>all alone/along</b> <br />This sound occurs in the first word. The "al" in the second word is unstressed. See /ə/. <br /> </li>
<li><b>alright</b><br /> This is not included in some dictionaries, but the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does include it - only adding "Many people consider this to be incorrect.‘ </li>
<li><b>balk</b><br /> Also "baulk". Note that, unlike many other <i>-alk</i> words (<i>chalk</i>, <i>stalk</i>, <i>talk</i>, and <i>walk</i>), this word keeps the /l/ sound (as does <i>caulk</i> – although the spelling without the <b>u</b> is much less common). In the <i>British National Corpus</i> there are a good half as many instances of <i>balk</i> as there are of <i>baulk</i> (24:40); the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> <i>does</i> include it, but notes that it is an American usage. Even the <i>Corpus of Contemporary American</i>, though, includes <i>many</i> more instances of <i>caulk</i> than of <i>calk</i>. In any case, a student of ESOL is unlikely to need this word.</li>
<li><b>Balkanis/zation</b><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcribes this word thus, but the audio sample uses the sound /ɒ/. </li>
<li><b>ballcock</b><br /> This is the sole representative of the many compound words that start "ball-" (for example" ballgown") - or end "-ball" (for example "baseball"). </li>
<li><b>balti</b><br /> The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives two transcriptions, /ɔ:/ and /æ/, but the audio clips (though of different speakers) both use the /ɔ:/ phoneme. Typical of foreign borrowings, the vowels can vary widely; /ɒ/ is also common in this word. </li>
<li><b>be-all</b><br /> This is part of the phrase "be-all-and-end-all". In current usage there is no other phrase that includes it. </li>
<li><b>callback</b><br /> This is the sole representative of the many compound words that use the string "call-" or "-call". </li>
<li><b>chalkboard</b><br /> This is the sole representative of other compound words that use the string "chalk-" (for example, "chalkface"). </li>
<li><b>cobalt</b><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio sample uses a sound that falls somewhere between /ɒ/ and /æ/. </li>
<li><b>enthral(l)</b><br /> The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not include the version that has "ll" in the CD-ROM version (and indeed its participles are much more common). But other dictionaries, including <i>Macmillan English Dictionary online</i>, do include it. The link there includes the word "American" , though the <i>British National Corpus</i> has 12 instances in a corpus of 100 million words (1:83), whereas the <i>Corpus of Contemporary American</i> has an almost identical frequency (58 in a corpus of 450 million - 1:76).</li>
<li><b>fall</b><br /> This list does not include the many compound words that include the string "fall" where there is a clear sense of downward motion; in many cases this meaning is present but lost in the mists of etymology. </li>
<li><b>hallmark</b><br /> The many compound words that include the string "hall", where there is a clear sense of a public and/or general-use room. In some cases (for instance, "hallmark") this sense is less clear.</li>
<li><b>highball</b><br /> This escapes the global exclusion of "-ball" compounds as there is no "ball" in a "highball".
</li>
<li><b>instal(l)</b><br /> The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not include the spelling with a single "l" but many other dictionaries do - the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>, for example, does. </li>
<li><b>mall</b><br /> See also under /æ/. </li>
<li><b>overalls</b><br /> The adjective (with no "s") is excluded along with many other "over-" and "-all" compounds, but the "plural" is a garment (which is naturally singular, not unlike "trousers").</li>
<li><b>palter</b><br /> This word is not in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> , though it is in several other dictionaries (for example, the <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>). It is indeed rare: it does not figure in <i>British National Corpus</i> , and <i>Corpus of Contemporary American</i> includes only 11 instances. </li>
<li><b>salt water</b><br /> This is the sole representative of collocations that include the word "salt".</li>
<li><b>SWALK</b><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this with the /ɔ:/ vowel, but as it is necessarily <i>written</i> (on the outside of an envelope) the question of its pronunciation is moot. (My "mental voice" pronounces it with the /æ/ vowel, and with the /l/ sounded.) </li>
<li><b>uptalk</b><br /> The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives only the noun, but the primary stress marked in the transcription does not match the primary stress sounded in the audio sample (either for British English or for American English). The speakers in the examples presumably have in mind a verb (which other dictionaries agree in not including); but I have heard both stresses, and suspect that future dictionaries may recognize the existence of a verb. In this case it seems possible that – since the word is chiefly used among linguists – the speakers both make the mistaken assumption that it is a compound verb formed on the basis of the phrasal verb <i>talk up</i>, meaning something like "enhance (in price or position) by means of unwarranted praise". At present, the word is used fairly rarely in discussions of modes of speech; "uptalk" is not alone among terms used to refer to the same phenomenon. In academic use the preferred word seems to be "HRT" (High Rise Terminal and/or Tone). </li>
<li><b>walkover/walkthrough</b><br /> This is not excluded with other "walk-" compounds because a contestant awarded a walkover does not necessarily walk; nor does a person conducting a walkthrough, for similar reasons. </li>
<li><b>wallflower/wallpaper</b><br /> This is not excluded with other "wall-" compounds because of the figurative meaning (<i>wallflower</i> - someone [in the days when formal dancing was the norm in "polite society", this person was necessarily a woman] who does not have a dancing partner; <i>wallpaper</i> - a background on a PC/laptop/tablet/phone) </li>
<li><b>windfall</b><br /> This escapes the exclusion of other "wind-" and "-fall" compounds because of the figurative meaning (both as a noun [an unexpected stroke of good fortune] and as an adjective [chiefly used in the expression "windfall tax"]). </li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-50481608541310559022016-09-09T07:20:00.001-07:002016-09-09T07:20:55.702-07:00A second look at ash<h3>
A New Look</h3>
I'm having a second look at the <i>ash</i> notes (/æ/) – the number of changes/errors/improvements is chastening). Here's the latest.<br />
<ol>
<li>
<!-- no 1 -->
<b>algal,</b> and <b>alkali</b>
<br />The stressed (first) syllable has this vowel. See also under AL: /ə/.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 2 -->
<b>allied</b><br />This is the adjective (as in, for example, "allied troops"). When used as a past participle this word has the same stress (and the same unstressed vowel) as the verb "ally" – see under <br />AL: /ə/.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 3 -->
<b>alloy</b><br />This is the noun. The same letters appear in words such as "unalloyed", which has an unstressed second syllable – see AL: /ə/.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 4 -->
<b>balalaika</b><br />The first syllable has this vowel; the "al" in the second syllable is unstressed – /ə/.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 5 -->
<b>caloric</b><br />Not in <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> but in several other dictionaries – for example, <i>Collins</i>.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 6 -->
<b>counterbalance</b><br />This is the sole representative of compound words formed with "balance". There are no separate entries either for idiomatic phrases (such as "balance of power" and "checks and balances").
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 7 -->
<b>Dalai Lama</b><br />Transcribed thus in the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> but in the audio sample the sound is /ɑ:/
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 8 -->
<b>gallant</b><br /> This is the adjective, with stress on the first syllable. In the noun, the first syllable is unstressed – see AL: /ə/.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 9 -->
<b> genealogy </b><br />Perhaps because of the popularity of genealogy on the Internet, the American English pronunciation (which <i>Cambridge Dictionary of American English</i> gives as having either /æl/ or /ɑl/) is often misheard, misreported, and then mistakenly learnt as /ɒ/ and misspelt as "gene<b>o</b>logy". As this is the only "-alogy" in English, it is possible that the erosion will continue , and that in 22nd-century English the <b>a</b> spelling will seem as old-fashioned as – for example – "sh<u>e</u>w" does today.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 10 -->
<b>hallowed</b><br /> The noun and the verb have limited (largely literary and/or poetic) use, but the past participle formed from the verb is still used in idioms such as ‘hallowed ground" or the hyperbolic – mock-reverential – "hallowed turf" in certain sports venues.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 11 -->
<b> hallucinogen </b><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this word the vowel sound /æ/, but the audio sample has /ə/ (like hallucinate and other derivatives, which <i>are</i> transcribed that way.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 12 -->
<b> heraldic </b><br />It is not clear why the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> does not include this word. Many others (for example, <i>Collins</i>) <i>do</i>.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 13 -->
<b>maladjustment</b><br /> This is the sole representative of the many words that use the prefix "mal-" – with certain exceptions. These exceptions are generally cases where the remaining word, after the "mal-" is removed, is not a recognizable word in its own right.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 14 -->
<b>malfeasance</b><br /> This is included because the word "feasance", while it exists, is archaic and used chiefly in a legal context.
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 15 -->
<b>malapropism</b><br /> This is included because the word "apropism" doesn‘t exist (except, perhaps, in a jocular context).
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 16 -->
<b>malcontent</b><br />This is included because, although the word "content" is recognizably etymologically relevant, the word is normally not a noun (except in the British <i>House of Lords</i>, where it refers metonymically to the votes of people in favour of a motion, or to the voters themselves).
</li>
<li>
<!-- no 17 -->
<b>mall</b><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives a total of four transcriptions, two marked as "British English" and two marked as "American English". The two "British English" ones are /æ/ and /ɔ:/, but they both have the audio example /æ/. However, the one marked /ɔ:/ uses /æ/ in the context "shopping mall" – a context that tends to attract one of the American pronunciations (/ɔ/ – typically realized by speakers of BE as /ɔ:/). </li>
<li>
<!-- no 18 -->
<b>mallrat</b><br /> The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives a "British English" pronunciation with /æ/. But as the word is American slang this pronunciation seems to be questionable. Certainly I have never heard it.</li>
<li>
<!-- no 19 -->
<b>malodorous</b><br />The word "odorous" is not simply "giving off a smell", with a prefix indicating whether that smell is good or bad. (Similarly, "smelly" has an automatically negative connotation.) </li>
<li>
<!-- no 20 -->
<b>malware</b><br />The "mal-" refers to the effect of the "-ware" rather than to its quality. </li>
<li>
<!-- no 21 -->
<b>palpitations</b> <br /> Note the plural. The singular also exists, but the plural refers to a specific (though ill-defined) physical condition.</li>
<li>
<!-- no 22 -->
<b>phalanx</b><br />The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> transcription is thus for British English, and gives /eɪ/ as American English – although the /eɪ/ pronunciation is common in the UK. In fact, the /æ/ seems to be common enough in the US for the /eɪ/ transcription to be linked to an American voice using /æ/. </li>
<li>
<!-- no 23 -->
<b>salmon</b> and <b>salmonella</b><br /> Note that in "salmon" the <b>l</b> is silent, whereas in "salmonella" it is not.</li>
<li>
<!-- no 24 -->
<b>shall</b><br /> In most other cases of words that end "-all" - "ball", "call", "fall", "gall", "hall" .... – the pronunciation is /ɔ:/. Philologists are generally not surprised to find exceptional pronunciations in words that are dying out: the frequency graph at <a href="http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/shall"> the Collins Dictionary entry</a> for evidence of this decline. (The usage graph may take a few seconds to load, and by default it shows usage in the ten years to 2008; Use the drop-down menu to select 100 years [or 300 years for the whole story – with an explosion in the late 18th centtury followed by a steady decline in the 19th and 20th centuries].)</li>
<li>
<!-- no 25 -->
<b>shallows</b> and <b>valuables</b><br /> This is a noun. Note the plural ending.</li>
<li>
<!-- no 26 -->
<b>shalom</b><br /> The <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i> gives this transcription, but the audio clip has /ə/. Moreover, especially when sung, the vowel is commonly heard with the long vowel /ɑ:/.</li>
<li>
<!-- no 27 -->
<b>shalt</b><br />This is archaic; it is the second person singular of the verb "shall", but is still used in Biblical (and pseudo-Biblical) quotations – particularly in the form "Thou shalt not...". </li>
<li>
<!-- no 28 -->
<b>tala</b><br /> Indian English musical term, used also by Westerners in the UK referring to Indian music.</li>
</ol>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-38924527479642743042016-09-05T07:28:00.000-07:002016-09-06T06:10:58.315-07:00ForewordGetting there. Here's a more complete version of an earlier post.<br />
<h2>
Foreword</h2>
<h3>
Letters and Phonemes</h3>
There is an admittedly uneasy blurring – in my approach, both here and in the first <i>When Vowels Get Together </i>book – between printed/written letters on one hand and phonemes. I look here at vowels "before an <b>l</b>" for example, and list words alphabetically (referring to letters as written). But the letter <b>a</b> represents the /ɒ/ phoneme only when it follows a /w/ <u>phoneme</u> (as in both "swallow" and "qualify") – in Received British Pronunciation, that is. In fact I was surprised that reviewers did not mention this – which, I suppose, might be regarded by some as a <i>flaw</i>.
<br />
<br />
My justification for this is based on the history of language development. Sounds always precede letters (except in special cases such as acronyms). Sometimes, the link between letters and phonemes remains firm (as in Castilian Spanish, which has a fairly reliable correspondence between letters and phonemes – nearly one-to-one, with a few exceptions). But in English this link is shakier.
<br />
<br />
The link is still there, though, when you consider the <u>history</u> of spellings. The common silent "gh" for example was originally an attempt to represent the sound /χ/ as in the Scottish "loch" or the German "<i>Bach</i>". In parts of Scotland, indeed, "night" is pronounced /nɪχt/ (as "night" was, at one time, in English); and in Northern Ireland a lake is a "lough", with (uniquely, among British English words – along with the Scottish "loch") the final consonant /χ/.
<br />
<br />
In some cases letters have no phonemic value – as is often the case with silent letters. There are various reasons for this. Two examples will give a hint of the (often <i>meddlesome</i>) justifications:<br />
<ul>
<li>The "b" in "debt" (Chaucer was writing "dette" in the fifteenth century, but later scholars imposed the "-bt" spelling in <span style="line-height: 115%;">deference [some would say <i style="line-height: 115%;">craven </i><span style="line-height: 115%;">deference</span>] to the Latin </span><i style="line-height: 115%;">debitum</i><span style="line-height: 115%;">.)</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 115%;">The Greek "ρ" with a </span><i style="line-height: 115%;">spiritus fortis</i><span style="line-height: 115%;"> (also known as a "rough breathing") persuaded scholars to take the word "rime" (as used by Coleridge, for example) and insist that it should be spelt with an "rh".</span></li>
</ul>
In other cases a "<i>silent letter</i>" spelling was imposed by false analogy with another word with a silent letter that <i>had</i> once had a phonemic value. For example both "should" and "would" had one of these "real" silent letters (the words were <i>sceolde</i> and <i>wolde, </i>the past tenses of <i>sculan</i> and <i>willan</i>). But the past tense of another word that came to be used as a modal verb (like "would" and "should") was a word that Chaucer, for example, had spelt "koude" – <span style="line-height: 115%;">with no phonemic "justification" for a silent</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> <b>l</b></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">. So, basing their suggestion on a false analogy, language "experts", (thinking "</span><i style="line-height: 115%;">modal verbs that end /<b>ʊd</b>/ <u>should</u> share the spelling -<b>ould</b> </i><span style="line-height: 115%;">"), introduced the spelling "</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><b>could</b></span>". (I wonder if the irony was intentional in Dr Johnson's definition of <i>lexicographer</i> as "a harmless drudge"; some would say that the <u>harm</u> lexicographers have done has sometimes been a major contribution to the complexities of English spelling.)
<br />
<br />
But quite often (I would <i>guess</i> more oftten than not, excepting <i>Magic E</i> spellings [where the presence of the <b>e</b> makes its presence felt, audibly, alhough it itself is not sounded]) the presence of a silent written letter <i>does</i> have some force with reference either to pronunciation <i>at some stage in the development of the language</i> or to etymology.
<br />
<br />
So while it would be wrong to say that written letters in English correspond to phonemes, quite often they make <i>some</i> reference to a real sound produced at some time in the chequered history of English (though, on reflection, a chequerboard seems an inappropriately <i>regular</i> image; a fiendishly irregular patchwork quilt, with the colours bleeding into each other seemingly randomly, would be nearer the mark.
<br />
<br />
Anyway, for better or worse, these books use alphabetical lists for convenience.
<br />
<h3>
A note about my major source</h3>
Note that this book makes frequent reference to the <i>Macmillan English Dictionary</i>, not because of any particular hostility or preference of mine; it is simply because that was the dictionary I happened to have [that came with a <span style="font-size: x-small;">CD-ROM</span> giving examples of actual pronunciations]. Historically, it was chosen in unspoken (and un-called for) sympathy with an application for the <a href="http://englishagenda.britishcouncil.org/eltons/2012"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.2px;">Macmillan</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.2px;"> Education Award for New Talent in Writing</span></a>. For the record, the <span style="font-size: x-small;">CD-ROM</span>'s Version number is 2.3.0711, Impression 5. When, as is occasionally the case, I have found a discrepancy between the pronunciations given on the <span style="font-size: x-small;">CD-ROM</span> and at <a href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/">Macmillan Online Dictionary</a>, I imagine that there has been an update to the <span style="font-size: x-small;">CD-ROM</span>.
<br />
<br />
b<br />
<br />
<i>Update 2016.09.06.14:15</i> – Supplied version number of <span style="font-size: x-small;">CD-ROM</span>.@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-296822450972367505.post-42741320429155347852016-08-24T08:05:00.000-07:002016-08-29T02:34:48.805-07:00Taking stock<div class="tr_bq">
Progress on the new book has reached a point that reminds me of a time when I was working for <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation">DEC</a> (in the days when it was OK to <i>call</i> it "DEC" – rather than follow HR's instructions and give it the whole nine yards [well <i>ten</i> actually... syllables])<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<autobiographical_note><br />
The biggest thing that happened in the 1990's (in an engineering sense) was a networking system called DECnet<b>/</b>OSI. As an article in the HP Journal says (but don't be misled by the name – in those days HP was just another competitor): </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The DECnet Phase V networking software presented the DECnet-VAX development team with a major challenge. ...[T]he Phase V architecture has substantial differences from Phase IV in many layers. For example, the session control layer now contains a global name service..... In most cases, the existing Phase IV code could not be adapted to the new architecture; it had to be redesigned and rewritten. </blockquote>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>HP Journal</i> <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/dtj/vol5num1/vol5num1art2.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwjLoIKXvNjOAhXJshQKHRiABd4QFgglMAI&usg=AFQjCNEEQY9X0VVLc6_ILnXE0YD7Tw9t8A&sig2=hSOt22tk5uDANlE25jGAZw">PDF</a> (and regular readers will know <a href="http://harmlessdrudgery.blogspot.com/2015/07/strassbourg-revisited.html">how I feel about <i>them</i></a>).</span> </blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrv0Hn-NlfDyPqUj1GDqQtYwXf9A1xWdQ759Qt23xBOFIaf9QD3nlZMAb459ja3PpWCM7ekMhC0jGtoptw9W91JYBMF799ZYJeC7s3a_ptVzpGp9Nw4sF5Uqmzz2Q_pnnNA_fl3qEhwxCx/s1600/PaperWeight.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrv0Hn-NlfDyPqUj1GDqQtYwXf9A1xWdQ759Qt23xBOFIaf9QD3nlZMAb459ja3PpWCM7ekMhC0jGtoptw9W91JYBMF799ZYJeC7s3a_ptVzpGp9Nw4sF5Uqmzz2Q_pnnNA_fl3qEhwxCx/s200/PaperWeight.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">My one tangible souvenir of "Phase V"</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span>This was a huge enterprise, involving dozens of engineers (and writers) working on both sides of the Atlantic. And there were many interlinking plans, schedules and wall-charts, involving <i>dependencies</i>, <i>critical paths</i>... all that <i>scheduley </i>stuff; and tele-conferences (this was the <span style="font-size: x-small;">BS</span> era – <i>Before Skype</i>; I <i>did </i>take part in <i>one </i>videoconference, using some hugely expensive proprietary system). Managers played games of <i>Schedule Chicken</i> (committing their teams to an impossible date, knowing that another team was going to slip first). </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
There was a cartoon on a poster at the time. A character (called <i>Antworth</i>, and with a rather <i>formic </i>profile – which suggests that he might have been popular in a <i>Dilbert</i>-like way, although I've had no luck with Google) was pointing at ("talking to" was the<i> MBA-ese</i>) a complex flow-chart detailing many interlinked "deliverables" (more <i>MBA-ese</i>). There was an insignificant little box in one corner, with the words </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><b>then a miracle happens</b></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
in very small writing. A manager was saying <i>Nice work, Antworth, but I think it could do with a bit more work just here </i>[pointing at the <i>miracle </i>box]. Some wag in the Reading office had added the words </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; font-size: large;">Phase V <i>xxx </i>stable</span>. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
I've cloaked the crucial module in mystery, because the <i>Non-Disclosure Agreement</i> I signed at the time makes it more than my pension's worth to reveal the unstable party<br />
</autobiographical_note></blockquote>
So much for the preamble. <i>My</i> "<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace; text-align: center;"><b>then a miracle happens" </b></span>moment is nigh. I've collected the data, made the tables (ready for conversion to <span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">HTML</span>), written a lot of the text,... I've "<i>just</i>" got to bring it all together in a <i>Sigil</i> file and add all the links, Table of Contents, Prelims, cover design....As <i>wossname</i> said<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
'<i>Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic"</i><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
For <i>magic</i> read <i>miracle</i>. I just have to find the technology.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Meanwhile, here are the last few bits of text.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<h3 style="line-height: 21.528px; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>First draft of *AL* linking text</b></h3>
The letters "al" are divided here into seven sections. But counting exceptions – that have pronunciations both with and without the sound /l/ – there are ten. These exceptions are in the sections for /æ/ (<i>shallow</i> and <i>salmon</i>), /ɔ:/ (<i>small</i> and <i>walk</i>), and /ɑ:/ (<i>impala</i> and <i>calm</i>). (In all cases, the variant without an /l/ sound is much the less common.)<br />
<br />
<b>The
sound /ə/ – 79%</b></div>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
This sound is by far the most common. Even after systematic omissions (as described in the <i>Introduction</i>) there are still well over 300 listed here.
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /æ/ – 16%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The sound /eɪ/ – 3%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 18.4px; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b style="line-height: 115%;">The
sound /ɑ:/ – 0.1%</b></div>
<b style="line-height: 115%;">The
sound /ɒ/ – percentage negligible</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
This sound, when represented by the spelling "al", always follows a /w/ phoneme (as in <i>wall</i> or <i>squall</i>, for example).
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<b>The
sound /ʌ/ – percentage negligible</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 21.528px; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>First draft of *EL* linking text</b></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
The spelling "el" can represent any one of six sounds. The sounds /e/, /ə/, and words with a <i>Magic E</i> (which makes no sound itself but changes the sound that the preceding vowel represents), account between them for 85% of words with the spelling "el".</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /e/ – 33%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<b><i>Magic E</i> – 31%</b></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;">This (non-)sound's significance is misrepresented by the size of the following table because of systematic omissions as explained in the </span><i style="line-height: 115%;">Introduction </i>– particularly adverbs ending <i>-ely</i> where the <b>e</b> is <i>Magic</i><span style="line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /ə/ – 21%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
</div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /ɪ/ – 12%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /i:/ – 2%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /eɪ/ – ½% </b><br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 21.528px; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>First draft of *IL* linking text</b></h3>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<span style="line-height: 18.4px;">This spelling is used to represent only four sounds. One of these predominates.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /ɪ/ – 83%</b><span style="line-height: 115%;">This is by far the most common of the four sounds represented by the spelling "el". The number of words listed here outweighs </span><i style="line-height: 115%;">by far</i><span style="line-height: 115%;"> all other *IL* words by about 3:1, even without taking into account the more than 300 words excluded for reasons given in the </span><i style="line-height: 115%;">Introduction</i><span style="line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
<div class="western" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<b>The
sound /aɪ/ – 11%</b><br />
<br />
<b style="line-height: 115%;">The
sound /ə/ – 5%</b></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0.14in;">
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<b style="line-height: 115%;">The
sound /i:/ – 1%</b><span style="line-height: 115%;">.These are predominantly borrowings from languages derived from Latin, particularly French.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><i>Update: 2016.08.24.17:15</i> – Added picture.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><i style="line-height: 18.4px;">Update: 2016.08.29.10:35</i><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"> – A handful of typos and other tweaks.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</div>
@BobKLitehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00473186996974209639noreply@blogger.com0